The Security And Protection Of Patient Information

This Security Plan is to be implemented in a Home Health Care Center with the aim of protecting the information of patients enrolled in it. The purpose of this Policy is to clearly demonstrate the commitment of the home center management to the security and protection of patient information. Management is dedicated to fostering a culture of compliance among all employees. This Policy sets the direction, gives broad guidance, and defines the requirements for security related processes, programs, and actions across the center. The center should be committed to consistent enforcement of this Policy and cyber security. This Policy should be in directive compliance with federal reliability standards. All responsible managers and supervisors are†¦show more content†¦Both training and awareness activities should emphasize the importance of protecting and securing patient information. Persons granted access to patient information should be required to complete annual training on app licable policies and procedures, physical and electronic access controls, and proper use and handling. Training should be customized based on the need of the individual. The center should identify, classify, and protect sensitive information associated with patients. The electronic security should be done by the standards propose by HIPAA. If there were any changes the center is responsible for change control and configuration management for development, deployment, modifying, replacing, or removal of critical software. Change control associated with systems used in the access control and monitoring of the Physical Security should be the responsibility of one person. It is important to the center that appropriate access controls and processes are developed to ensure proper protection within electronic security perimeters. Technical and procedural mechanisms should be used to control electronic access at all electronic access points. In addition, there should be constant review, updating, and maintenance of all documentation which support the Electronic Security to ensure the processes and documentation reflect current configurations and practices. All modifications to the Electronic

The Battle For Women s Rights - 1926 Words

The battle for women’s rights has waged for a long time and continues even to this day. Although we have made significant progress in the advancement of women’s rights including being able to vote and work to support themselves, it was not always like this, and the farther back we go in history the more and more women were oppressed. In the old days it was quite uncommon for women to be anything other than a wife or nun. This is shown quite clearly in both Memoir of a Basque Lieutenant Nun: Transvestite in the New World and Candide. While not the main topic of either book, the authors offer insight on what life was like as a woman in Spain and France, respectively. Both authors disagree with women’s place in society and subtly criticize it throughout the text. In Memoir of a Basque Lieutenant Nun: Transvestite in the New World, Catalina De Erauso is born a woman and seems headed for the life of a nun living in a convent, however, she disagrees with this lifestyle and instead opts to cross dress, which is illegal at the time, and conceal her identity for most of her life to live as a man. In Candide, Voltaire writes about women getting raped, used as sex slaves, and having to try and marry into wealth to ensure a good life for themselves as they have little to no other options. Although set about a century apart, these two texts do not suggest a change in women’s status or role in society over time, in fact, they offer similar, but different, analysis on women’s rolesShow MoreRelatedThe Battle For Women s Equal Rights1040 Words   |  5 PagesBill of Rights were even completely formed, women were wanting the same rights as men. John Adams wife, Abigail, told him that she wanted womens rights in the amendments (Carr, 2015). The battle for women s equal rights heightened during 1848-1920 when women, lead mostly by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, wanted the right to vote (Woman’s Rights Movement, n.d.). When w omen finally got the right to vote, the whole women s movement went down, but never fully went away. In the 60’s the EqualRead MoreWomen s Suffrage : A Dark Imprint On The Historical Backdrop Of The United States893 Words   |  4 PagesWomen s Suffrage is a matter that can be within one s control, and without much of a stretch be viewed as a dark imprint on the historical backdrop of the United States. The events leading up to women s having the right to vote endeavors many turning points, however, the end isn t all so bad. In this particular piece of writing, I will examine many scenarios, accompanying noteworthy significant figures included in the women suffrage. The initially documented example in American history whereRead MoreThe On The Battlefield Of Equality1625 Words   |  7 Pagesliterature, music, and patriotism. Women in the 1920s overcame the battle of obtaining suffrage and the advancement of birth control; these challenges led to an embracing of new ideas in fashion, sexuality, and equality. To begin, suffrage for women in America began in the mid 1800s and ended in 1920, when women in America were finally granted with this well-deserved right to vote. In America, suffrage began in the western state of Wyoming in 1869, where women had a slightly more equal role in theRead MoreThe Color Purple By Alice Walker1276 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Alice Walker s The Color Purple, an epistolary novel won The Pulitzer Prize and The American Award in 1983. The novel delineates the dreary condition of dark ladies in South Africa between the mid 1900 s and mid 1940 s through Celie, the hero of the novel and how she got freed through dark sisterhood . The focal variable behind Celie s freedom was the force of female holding or sisterhood. Woman s rights speaks to the imperative social, monetary, and stylishRead MoreThe Contributions Of Women In The American Civil War .1576 Words   |  7 PagesThe Contributions of Women in the American Civil War The Civil War was a divisive time in American history that tore the country in half for five long years (1861-1865). After the election of Abraham Lincoln, the southern states seceded from the north and formed the Confederate States of America because they saw their way of life being threatened. They wanted to fight for their right to have slaves and for states to have more power. The North (Union) fought because secession wasn t an option andRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women881 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty –first century ladies are discovering it a daunting task to keep up both sexual orientation parts as an aftereffect of the women s activist development. They are presently assuming liability for both the supplier and the nurturer, battling like never before to acquire and keep a superior personal satisfaction. Woman s rights has supported in equivalent vocation opportunity, battling to get ladies acknowledged into the employment advertise, and what initially began as ladies strengtheningRead MoreThe Death Of The United States933 Words   |  4 Pageshungry. When news of the prison conditions and hunger strikes became publicized, Americans began demanding the release of these women. This sympathy for the imprisoned women brought an enormous amount of support to the cause of women’s suffrage. After their release, the suffragist used their experience and newly gained support to push forward in their endeavors to earn the right to vote. In 1917, in response to public outcry about the prison abuse of suffragists, President Wilson reversed his positionRead MoreEach Event I Choose In The Timeline Was Accordingly Chosen1326 Words   |  6 Pagesit s kind of hard to forget the Somme. I found this one wrapped around in my mind so tightly. The Somme was essentially a bloodbath war in world war 1. I find this one extremely significant as though many tried and failed and it was just a stalemate of blood Canadians came in and gained some land it was not enough to be as a victory but it was a very gruesome battle, all I could ever think about it was the amount of blood spiralling around everywhere during the battle. I feel like this battle wasRead MoreEssay on The Civil War: A Women’s Time to Shine1334 Words   |  6 PagesCitizen: a person with the rights and privilege to cast a vote for what or who he believes in. The key word here is â€Å"he†. The Civil War brought freedom and rights to African Americans, yet it had no directly positive effect on women’s rights. While African Americans were seeing their lives and futures change, to many observers the women’s rights movement seemed barely impacted by the astounding transformations of the Civil War. This idea is not completely accurate. Women did not accomplish much onRead MoreThe Struggle For Women s Rights850 Words   |  4 PagesWomen Suffrage Throughout history, battles and wars have been fought to gain some type of rights or freedoms. In 1775, the American Revolutionary War was fought for independence; In 1865, the American Civil War was fought to end slavery. Although no wars were fought, many battles were waged for women s rights. The struggle for women s rights begin in the mid-late 1800s at a time when women were not allowed to vote or own property. Women, as with African-Americans, during this period were not recognized

Business Intelligence Technical Architecture

Question: Discuss about the Business Intelligence for Technical Architecture. Answer: Introduction Business Intelligence (BI) is the umbrella term used for various tools regarding the business management such as technical architecture, technologies, strategies, information, and the processes. These tools are used to generate the useful data of the system whose analysis gives proper insight to the system needed for proper functioning. So it can be understood that BI helps the organization in making better decision which in turn helps in optimization of resources (Business Information Systems - AUT, 2016). In this essay Microsoft SharePoint has been analyzed in detail for a better understanding of the software. Microsoft SharePoint Microsoft allows two modes of operation for the software which are on-premise and Web-based. The on-premise services are independent of the internet and can be operated in the premise of the host organization, and the web-based solution is cloud option of the application. The software allows the organizations to collect and analyze the business data and information which allows an accurate view of the operations of the organization as a whole, which is critical for taking decision for the company. The software can also be paired with the other leading management software like Dynamic ERP, Dynamic CRM and MS Office, which provides the software a competitive edge over the competitors (Burner, 2015). Developed by one of the leading multinational company, Microsoft, which has developed various landmark software like MS Office, and an operating system named MS Windows. With its legacy, the BI software is bound to have the advantages of ease of data management, and easy user interface (Microsoft India | Devices and Service | Microsoft and You, 2016). The databases for the software of concern can be hosted on various SQL servers, and the databases are automatically created when the software is run in the configuration mode. The product also offers the flexibility of changing the naming convention as the user can create names after the creation (SharePoint 2016, Team Collaboration Software Tools, 2016). The size of the database is segmented in to five segments which are very small for the file up to 100MB, small for the file sizes up to 1GB, medium for files up to 100GB, large for files up to 1TB and finally the extra large files for size more than 1TB. The user profile services incor porated in the SharePoint are of three types. The profile is used for the stakeholders of the company such as the managers and the user of the organization and is responsible for the management of the user data. Synchronization helps in storing the data when the profile information is synchronized with the directory. Finally the social tagging database stores the social tags of the users (Database types and descriptions (SharePoint 2013), 2016). Conclusion From the essay, the various advantages of using the BI software for the system have been presented which allows the better decision of the system. The Microsoft SharePoint which is one of the BI systems has many features that help in the analysis of the Big Data, thus creating effective decision data for the organization. With the features like UI customization, capabilities of Web publishing, administration option, etc. the software is sure to stand out of the crowd. References Burner, M. (2015). User Adoption of SharePoint Document Management System. Business Information Systems - AUT. (2016). Aut.ac.nz. Retrieved 5 December 2016, from https://www.aut.ac.nz/study-at-aut/study-areas/business/research/research-areas/business-information-systems Database types and descriptions (SharePoint 2013). (2016). Technet.microsoft.com. Retrieved 5 December 2016, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-IN/library/cc678868.aspx Microsoft India | Devices and Service | Microsoft and You. (2016). Microsoft.com. Retrieved 5 December 2016, from https://www.microsoft.com/en-in/about/ SharePoint 2016, Team Collaboration Software Tools. (2016). Products.office.com. Retrieved 5 December 2016, from https://products.office.com/en-us/sharepoint/collaboration

The New Fraternity Culture Essays - , Term Papers

The New Fraternity Culture The New Fraternity Culture After drinking from a keg of beer stashed in the basement of the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity house at the University of Michigan last December, a group of pledges stripped to their boxer shorts and lined up, ready to endure their next torturous test of brotherhood. As two other fraternity members watched, a ?pledge educator? pointed what he thought was an unloaded BB gun at the pledges' various body parts. He was simply trying to scare them. When he approached the seventh student in line, the ?educator? pointed the gun downward, two inches away from the pledge's penis, and fired. Unexpectedly, a pellet shot out (Reisberg A59). Fraternities have been in existence for over a century. They were established to nurture pride, leadership, unity, and commitment (Nate 18). Although some fraternities still embrace these values, this does not make up for the dangerous behavior that most fraternities engage in. Alcohol abuse has become far too large of the college social scene and fraternities are its most publicized defendants. Rowdy keg parties have replaced the values and ideals that were once the basis of fraternities, as binge drinking becomes the core of their brotherhood. Each year on campuses throughout this country, binge drinking causes students to suffer academically while risking their health and safety, as well as that of the rest of the campus community. Contrary to the many members firmly entrenched in the fraternity culture, several national fraternities are trying to dispel this image. They have devised programs which emphasize academic development, leadership, and community service, while at the sam e time taking the focus off alcohol and hazing. The first of the Greek-letter societies, Phi Beta Kappa, was founded on December 5, 1776, with the aims of creating a ?scholastic, inspirational, and fraternal? society. The founders of Phi Beta Kappa named friendship, morality, and literature as essential characteristics. Laws provided for a ?reverent opening and conduct of meetings, encouraged sobriety, and demanded ethical ideals superior to those manifested by a rival society? (Voorhes 8-12). The growth of the system was gradual, for it was not until 1825 that Kappa Alpha, Sigma Phi, and Delta Phi were established. The decade of the thirties produced another trio of fraternities: Alpha Delta Phi, Psi Upsilon, and Beta Theta Pi. The period preceding the Civil War witnessed the establishment of most of the remaining general fraternities of ?present larger extension? (Nate 18-38). Oliver Wendell Holmes, a student at Harvard in 1859, captures the immortality of loyal friendships and high ideals in a message to his classmates: Then here's to our boyhood, its gold and its gray! The stars of its winter, the dew of May! And when we have done with our life-lasting toys, Dear Father, take care of Thy children, thy boys. The founding of the fraternities was at the hands of men who set up high life-ideals for themselves and those who would come after them. The more recent years have strengthened the chapters through the development of their national organizations and a more direct alumni co-operation (Nate 60). As fraternity chapters grow stronger, they are slowly losing sight of their fundamental purpose. The values and ideals that once served as the basis of fraternities have been replaced in some chapter houses by excessive drinking and brutal hazing practices. Through the new fraternity culture, binge drinking becomes interwoven into college life. The Federal Substance Abuse Prevention reports that undergraduate students currently spend $4.2 billion a year on booze ? far more than they spend on their textbooks. An advertisement being run in college newspapers by VivaSmart, an online textbook seller, actually features the headline, ?More on Beer, Less on Books,? accompanied by an explanatory text that begins, ?We know you have better things to do than blow your money textbooks? (Miller 1). This message promotes and legitimizes a college drinking culture that according to the Surgeon General Antonia Novella is spinning out of control'? (Elson 64). In a survey of students at 140 colleges b y researchers at the Harvard University School of Public Health, forty-four percent of students reported binge drinking, which the study defined for men as consuming five or more drinks in a row within the previous two weeks, and

Dreams and Reality Essay Essay Example

Dreams and Reality Essay Essay Example Dreams and Reality Essay Paper Dreams and Reality Essay Paper Dreams and Reality In order to discuss this topic, I would like to put the main focus on lucid dreaming. How do we distinguish what we see to what we see when we dream? How we see things in real life is not just through perception, but you create the final image of being through the other senses, such as smell, hearing, taste, just as much as seeing.  For example, when we dream you cannot know, unless you have mastered lucid dreaming, that what is going on, is in fact, a dream. When you know the technique of lucid dreaming you have control over your dream, and over that parallel universe that is supposed to represent a different world from the real one. You create the scenery, you define yourself, and you choose who and what is happening in it. If we look at the rational side of the answer to this question, it would seem quite easy to truly answer it, but the problem is how to explain what actually is going in your head during dreaming and well, living, when it is acknowledged that we can very easily fool our senses to make what is going on, believable.  The dream is like an idea, it all starts in your mind, the difference being, you can create a whole new world with the dreams. The very visible difference between reality and dreams is where the saying of pinching each other to know if something is real came from. We all know that no matter how realistic the dream looks and even feels, pain and other emotions are felt quite differently from every day. No matter how perfect something is, the observation of details will help you and guide you to the realization that something is not what you might think it is. The same applies to the dream. You observe, and you always sense if something is not as it is supposed to be. This is where the ways of knowing kick in: Reason, as well as perception, and emotion can be quite helpful as well. Our ways of knowing, are the path showing us how to distinguish on what is real and what is not, because in the other case, we will be stuck in a limbo place between reality and dreams, where you wont be able to live truly and fulfill your intrinsic goals and values and your mind will be stuck in a lucid environment, where the true goal of life would be to find and prove something and someones reality.

A Brief History of the Chinese Yuan Currency

A Brief History of the Chinese Yuan Currency Literally translated as the peoples currency the renminbi (RMB) has been the currency of China for over 50 years. It is also known as the Chinese yuan (CNY) and by the symbol  ¥. For many years, the renminbi was pegged to the U.S. dollar. In 2005, it was officially unpegged and as of February 2017, had an exchange rate of 6.8 RMB to $1 U.S. dollar. The Renminbis Beginnings The renminbi was first issued on December 1, 1948, by the Chinese Communist Partys Peoples Bank of China. At that time, the CCP was deep into the civil war with the Chinese Nationalist Party, which had its own currency, and the first issuance of the renminbi was used to stabilize Communist-held areas which assisted in a CCP victory. After the defeat of the Nationalists in 1949, Chinas new government addressed the extreme inflation that plagued the old regime by streamlining its financial system and centralizing foreign exchange management. The Currencys Second Issue In 1955, the Peoples Bank of China, now Chinas central bank, issued its second series of the renminbi that replaced the first at a rate of one new RMB to 10,000 old RMB, which has remained unchanged since. A third series of RMB was issued in 1962 which used multi-color printing technology and used hand-engraved printing plates for the first time. In this period, the RMBs exchange value was unrealistically set with many western currencies which created a large underground market for foreign exchange transactions. With Chinas economic reforms in the 1980s, the RMB was devalued and became more easily traded, creating a more realistic exchange rate. In 1987, a fourth series of RMB was issued featuring a watermark, magnetic ink, and fluorescent ink. In 1999, a fifth series of RMB was issued, featuring Mao Zedong on all notes. Unpegging the Renminbi From 1997 to 2005, the Chinese government pegged the RMB to the United States currency at about 8.3 RMB per dollar, despite criticisms from the United States. On July 21, 2005, the Peoples Bank of China announced that it would lift the peg to the dollar and phase in a flexible mechanism of exchange rates. Following the announcement, the RMB was reevaluated to 8.1 RMB per dollar.

Jet Blue Key Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jet Blue Key - Case Study Example Jet Blue Was the best ever funded airline n the aviation history of U.S.The aim was to bring humanity back to air travel. Also the airline aimed at having a paperless airline .the company focus was efficiency and service. The company thinks of them as advocates of their customers. David Neelman was the founder of Jet Blue Airlines. Neelman with his experience and new ideas gave jet blue a new look and setup a target market where they could bring back humanity to air travel jet blues top management team was a virtual team in many respects . The geographical dispersion of the top management team reflected the diverse lifestyles and preferences of Jet Blue's top management. They intended to take the best from all airlines and apply it to Jet Blue. Rhoades emphasized on defining values and making them comprehendible to the team at jet Blue. Rhoades believed values were that drove the other activities around in an organization. All was going well with the airlines but now Rhoades was thinking how they would sustain this level of performance where they ere looking to serve airline travelers low fares, but high quality service. The case summary stated above gives us a brief outlook but yet entails all aspects of the case being discussed. Jet Blue Airline is new in the airline industry; it has already had one successful year of operations. The management consists of the most reputable, and experienced individuals of the aviation industry. We observe high capitalization has been done for the project. The aim of the top management is to offer low fares to people yet give them the best flying experience (i.e. the best quality of service ) we would making a few recommendations with reference to the key issues identified above . In order for jet Blue Airlines to be able to develop a value based high commitment culture along with rapid growth it is vital for organization's management's to understand the meaning and importance of an organization's culture, how it affects the performance and productivity. As we are aware that by definition culture is a set of norms, beliefs, and expectations. In order for organizations to be successful they need to consider what are the factors that influence an organizations culture. The management at Jet Blue Airlines needs to consider also that the external environment which most importantly consists of the competitors effect the culture. Here we are looking at a high performance culture. in order to achieve this the employees at jet blue airline have to plan and conceive

Analogies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analogies - Essay Example A disease that has very devastating effects on an individual is bound to change that specific individuals biochemistry. The assumptionis that, if a person has a severe disease like PKU, there would have to be some alteration in some of the chemicals handled in the body. All of the bodys chemical courses precede, particular metabolic pathway or route. A Los Angeles freeway system analogy could be applicable in this case. If an accident occurs in Anaheim, traffic may flock in downtown Los Angeles. After a while, substitute roads begin to become operational and the traffic starts to move again but at a slower pace. If the number of cars taking different alternate routes were measured, it would be possible to pinpoint precisely where the accidentoccurred. By use of this analogy, the chemicals eaten as food are the traffic and proceeds along marked major highways known as metabolic pathways until an accident ensues. The accident could bean infectious disease, a mutation, or even a vitamin deficiency. Consequently, after the accident, the traffic courses of molecules are averted onto the slow alternate routes as a substitute of the twelve-lane superhighway. The individual with the slow flow of molecules is alive however, may not be as operational as individuals who has all the metabolic highways are open. The bottleneck with using thi s highway analogy is that; supposing certain freeways were not even registered on the highway map since the people who amassed them were not from town and did not know about them. Overall, analogies are effective strategies for communicating complex materials and concepts and a person with little knowledge of the functionality will easily

Tool for Orientation for Four Generations Essay Example for Free

Tool for Orientation for Four Generations Essay In the current clinical setting, it is often common to find that evidence-based practice (EBP) is not being implemented. There are a number of causative factors that can be attributed to this observation. Some analysts have suggested that personal differences may be hindering implementation of EBP. It is therefore important to look into the validity of this factor with special emphasis given to age differences in the clinical setting. The question to be considered is whether or not there is an evidence-based tool available to meet the needs of all four generations of learners. The EBT tool needs to implement clinical references and other reviews as well as a case by case analysis over past and present generations to help form a small basis for future generational use of the EBT tool. In forming continually controlled studies one would be able to obtain current and ongoing evidentiary guideliens in which to more accurately determine the generational differences to determine if there is in fact any influences of with utilizing the use of EBT. Population of Interest In order to foster a productive and feasible atmosphere in clinical practice, it is imperative for members of the organization to appreciate and respect differences among the generations. This means that gender, racial and ethnic backgrounds need to be understood and accepted. The latter categories of diversity have been discussed at length in nursing practice and most people understand them well. On the other hand, the issue of intergenerational differences also can be problematic if nurses do not understand it properly. In order to place this matter in context, it is essential to review the historical background of these different generations. The population of interest includes four distinct generations (Cordinez, 2002). There are basically four generations that may be found within the clinical situation; these are Veterans (born between 1922 and 1945), Baby Boomers (born between 1945 – 1960), Generation X (born between 1960 – 1980), and lastly the Millennial Generation (Born after 1980). All these generations underwent different experiences that subsequently shaped their respective professional and personal values. The performance value of each of these generations differ. For example, it is well known that the Baby Boomers generation was much ado about peace and the different associated behaviors related to drug and alcohol use, thus inhibiting their generation compared to the more productive performance of the later generations. The first generation under consideration is the Veteran generation born during the Great Depression and the Second World War. This generation grew up under tough times but during their adulthood, the country’s economy began flourishing. Because of these matters, The Veteran Generation realized that hard work can be rewarded and that authority ought to be respected. Therefore, it can be said that the values most revered by this generation are authority, loyalty, and respect. The second generation of nurses in the field today is the Baby Boom generation. Members of this group were born during a time of economic prosperity that was still characterized by some traditional values. This generation grew up around two-parent households in which one parent was the breadwinner. However, there were still a number of issues confronting them. They began challenging status quo and did not respect authority. According to Baby Boomers, real heroes are those ones with the courage to change the system. This generation had a lot room for growth within the nursing profession owing to the fact that economic times were relatively good. This generation is not typically conversant with technology. Intervention EBP implementation in most health institutions is a recent development. Since the population of interest is multigenerational, it is imperative to find out whether their generational background could have led to learning differences within the EBT tool. In order to attribute the lack of implementation of EBP to this issue, it is essential to eliminate other causative factors. Problems causing the potential failure to learn may be unique to each generation. It is important to design a nursing orientation program that empowers all generations of learners to implement evidence-based practice. Comparison of interest After examination of the historical backgrounds of these groups, one can now understand the differences between the groups may be influenced by their past. Two of the four generations of nurses have different perspectives on authority, workplace structures, technology, and evidence based practice (Spitzer, 2001). This can be a problem because organizations have changed dramatically over the past few years. Most health institutions now respect team-based approaches requiring individuals from different organizational levels to work together. This challenges traditional organizational structures in which the older generation was highly respected. The current view is to utilize evidence-based practice. Further contradicting the education of the older generation, the advent of technology has flipped organizational relationships. Baby boomers who had grown up with a deep respect for authority now highly depend on younger nurses to explain to them the essentials of computer technology. This has created renewed tensions between the generations. Despite the dramatic change in organizational structures, nurse’s mental attitudes still remain relatively stagnant and this has hampered implementation of evidence-based practice. Some nurses have failed to recognize where behavior patterns originate from and thus misunderstand colleagues from other generations. For instance, Baby Boomers usually think of Generation Xers as being highly unreliable or disloyal. On the other hand, the latter generation regards Baby Boomers tendency to remain with one employer as a failure to cease new opportunities. There are different work relations approaches between the generations. Outcomes Evidence-based practice in most health institutions may not be properly implemented because a substantial number of clinics fail to prepare their nurses through practical training. This means that nurses may be aware of the concept through the literature but do not have the ability to implement it in practice. Implementing this as a required teaching throughout all the health profession will enable nurses to be able to have additional tools available so that they may have more information in which to perform their duties better. In other health institutions, nurses lack infrastructural support from hospital administrations accustomed to conventional methods. Such administrations fail to shift their clinical practice making it difficult for particular nurses to do the same. EBP is failing due to lack of proper orientation in these health institutions. Nurses lack a straight-forward way in which they can carry it out within a certain clinical setting. Consequently, the methods may end up failing. There is little literature to link EBP with diversity issues let alone generational differences (Hicks Hicks, 1999). Conclusion In order for health organizations to flourish, there is a need to acknowledge differences between various generations of nurses. However, when it comes to evidence-based practice, other issues take greater precedence over generation differences. Instead, clinics need to look for ways in which they can boost administrative support, offer proper orientation and training to nurses. Personally, as nurse liaison for new employees, I am empowered to make changes by collecting and making available comprehensive, ongoing, and readily accessible EBP information needed to provide optimal care. At the very least, I can assist in providing staff with an orientation tool which incorporates the EBP process to insure and promote positive outcomes. References Cordinez, J. (2002). Recruitment, retention and management of generation X. Health Care Management Journal, 47, 4, 237-249. Hicks, R. Hicks, K. (1999). Boomers, Xers and other strangers Location: New York: Harper Collins. Raines, C. (2003). Connecting generations. CA: Crisp Publishers. Spitzer, R. (2001). A new world and new generation to come: Seminars for Nurse Managers, 9. 1367. The problem of interest in PICO question format. (5 points) 4/5 Presented a question, but did not identify PICO components. I DON’T KNOW WHAT THESE COMPONENTS ARE AND ALSO DID NOT ADDRESS THE OTHER TWO GENERATIONS COMMENTED ON BY YOUR INSTRUCTOR AS I DID NOT KNOW WHERE YOU WANTED TO GO WITH THAT. 1. A brief description of the patient population/disease, intervention, comparison, and outcome. (10 points) 9/10 Presented thorough description of two generations. What about the remaining two generations? If they are being excluded, tell the reader the rationale for this decision. Also, the outcome you intend to achieve is increased use of EBP. That was not clearly articulated in the outcomes section.

Phonics and Whole Language Essay -- essays papers

Phonics and Whole Language A great debate whether the phonetic approach or whole language approach should be used in the classroom has been occurring since the early nineteen thirties, and there has not been a definite decision on which approach should be used to teach in the classroom. To understand this debate, one must first understand the differences between whole language and phonics learning. The Definition of Phonics Many people are confused by the term phonics, because the term can literally have two meanings. As Miriam Balmuth explains, â€Å"in the historically earlier sense, the phonics of written language are the letters and spelling patterns of that language’s alphabet and the speech sounds they represent—put very simply, the sounds that the letters make (Balmuth, 1982). This explains the fact that many different written languages have different phonics systems. Some letters are used the same in different languages, but the letters are assigned different speech sounds. The second definition of the term phonics is what most people attribute to the word. The historically more recent definition of phonics refers to a technique of reading instruction (Balmuth, 1982). According to Charles Fries, â€Å"Phonics in this sense means the practices in the teaching of reading that have aimed at matching individual letters of the alphabet with specific sounds of English pronunciation ( Fries, 1963). The first definition might date back further than the second, but both are used in the instructional reading techniques today. The Definition of Whole Language The whole word approach has been often referred to as the â€Å"look and say† approach, and has dated back to the eighteen hundreds. Balmuth defines the whole word approach as â€Å"an approach that consists of first presenting a block of written language, rather than single letters, and then breaking down the clock into its components (Balmuth, 1982). Whole language is a process that teaches children to guess at words by looking at pictures on a page, memorizing a few words, and skipping over words that are not familiar. A familiar form of the whole language approach is illustrated in the books of â€Å"Dick and Jane† by publisher Scott Foresman (Chall, 1983). These books were brought about by the publisher sending out slick salesman to every school district to demonstrate how easily children could be ta... ...iography: 1. Balmuth, Miriam. (1982), The Roots of Phonics: A historical Introduction. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2. Chall, Jeanne. (1983), The Great Debate. New York: McGraw-Hill. 3. Cunningham, A.E., Explicit Instruction In Phonological Awareness, The Journal Of Experimental Child Psychology, 1990, v. 50, pp. 434-435. 4. Fries, Charles C. (1963) Linguistics and Reading. New York: Holt, Reinhart, and Winston. 5. Hayes, R.B., Three Approaches to Beginning Reading, the Reading Teacher, 1976, v. 20, p. 694 6. McKewon, M.G., Learning Vocabulary: Different Ways for Different Goals, Open Publishing, 1988, pp. 42-43 7. Peterson, O. Program for Stimulating Phonological Awareness in Preschool Children, Reading Research Quarterly, 1988, v. 23, pp. 265-268 8. Vail, Priscilla. (1991), Common Ground: Whole Language and Phonics Working Together, New Jersey: Modern Learning Press Articles 1. Holgate, Karen. (1998) Phonics vs. Whole Language: What’s the Big Deal? 2. Schafly, Phyllis. (1996) The Phyllis Schafly Report. Vol. 29, No. 12, July 1996. 3. Unknown. Right to Read Report. Nov/Dec, ’94

Harry Potter’s Influence on Society Essay

â€Å"It’s important to remember that we all have magic inside us.† (J.K. Rowling, scholastic book fair promotion, October 1999) One of the most influential novels of this generation is the Harry Potter Saga. Since the first book was published in 1997 these novels take you on a breath-taking adventure through witch-craft and wizardry. How has this saga written by J.K. Rowling been an influence on society you ask? Come explore how Hogwarts the school of witch-craft and wizardry made its way from a small fantasy school in England to a worldwide phenomenon. It all starts with the author; J.K Rowling is the master-mind behind these magical books. Born on July 31st, 1965 as Joanne Rowling she decided to go under the name J.K for her books. She chose this because her key target readers were young boys and she thought that they would not want to read a book by a female author although she was mistaken. The idea came to her while she was on a four hour delayed train trip from Manchester, England to London. She saw a young boy sitting across from her and started to create a story for this him. She decided his name would be Harry and he was on his way to attend his first year at a school as a wizard. This is what started the successful journey that would change reading for our generation. The Harry Potter saga is made up of seven novels. (Listed below in order) * Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone ( Sorcerer’s Stone) * Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets * Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban * Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire * Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix * Harry Potter and the Half –Blood Prince * Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows These books follow the life of Harry Potter a young wizard who has been through something you cannot imagine. Both of his parents were murdered when he was just a baby by Lord Voldemort ( who plays the villain in the story). Harry Potter was present while this happened but he survived the killing curse with only a minor scar on his forehead. He survived because mother’s love for him was so powerful that it somehow protected him from the curse that took his parents lives. Since he was orphaned he was living with his aunt, uncle and cousin just outside of London, England. When he turned eleven years old he received an invitation to attend the Hogwarts school of Witch-craft and Wizardry because he was wizard. While on his way to Hogwarts he comes to learn that he is famous for the events that lead him to have just mere scar on his forehead and being the only wizard to survive a killing curse. On the Hogwarts express he meets two young wizards who eventually become his best friends, Hermione Granger, and Ron Weasely. Each book is a new school year which comes with new tasks and new level of maturity. Throughout the novels we come to understand that Harry Potter has the same problems as a everyday teenager but there is extra level of responsibility because along with magic comes consequences. There is two ways that magic can be used. There’s good magic but there is also dark magic and both of these are seen within the Harry Potter novels. Voldemort being the villain is constantly in a fight with Harry. This is where the theme of the story comes in. The theme of the Harry Potter novels is good vs. evil. Harry represents the good character and Voldemort represents the evil. The only way for Harry to be free of the evil spirit is to kill him. Harry uses dark magic to do so but uses it in defense. Along every step of the way Harry’s two best friends where there to help. When he needed advice or someone to lean on the both Ron and Hermione were always there. Without them Harry Potter would never have been able to demolish the evil character and enjoy his life to the fullest. That is the moral of the story, love can overcome evil and if you have support system you can do anything. That is something as human beings we should keep with us for all time. Morals are something we can learn from reading but because sometimes we get distracted by technology and materialistic items we forget that. J.K Rowling was taking on a generation that was attached to technology and attracting them back to reading. This may be the largest impact the Harry Potter Saga has had on society. Reading is somehow lost in this generation and many people do not realize the importa nce of reading. Reading enhances vocabulary, helps speech, and really broadens a person’s understanding and tolerance. Reading always teaches you something, from Harry Potter we learn that evil cannot stand in the way of love, and no matter what has happened you can always get through it if you have people to support you. J.K Rowling also focused on one other important detail, imagination. Reading allows you to use your imagination to come up with scenarios for you self. It allows you to build your artistic ability and creativity by doing so. Creativity stems from imagination; this means without an active imagination there would be no creativity whatsoever. Imagination allows you to transport into a fantasy world and experience things you would not be able to in reality. One important thing about imagination and creativity is that is undefined. Every single person views it differently and there is no right or wrong answer. J.K Rowling took this into consideration while writing her books and many people think because she created such a conversely topic that it opened the public up to the books. But one thing everyone can agree on is that this book changed our generation. Michelle McMorrow Ramsell the director of Tuscarawas Public Library says in a news paper article that: â€Å"The popularity of the Harry Potter series made reading a cool thing and made reading a cool thing to talk about with friends. The time that Harry Potter was released was is when technology started to become a major part in our generation. Harry Potter books got millions of people involved from the middle-school age level and up.† This is one of the reasons Harry Potter is such an influential book. Not only did it bring people back into reading but it also has characters that people can relate to. J.K Rowling started to write because she was an English major and it was a passion of hers but as she got more into depth with the books she started to make all the characters relatable. She started writing the book when her mother fell ill, but quickly after her mother passed away and that is when she decided she would use this idea for the book. She knew what it felt like to lose someone who was so important so that is where she came up with the idea for Harry to lose his pare nts. Many people know what it is like to lose someone important to them and when someone else dealing with the same thing it makes you feel like you are not alone. J.K Rowling was diagnosed with clinical depression in 1993, she needed a way to escape real life and she chose this with Harry Potter. She decided to add the dementors, the creatures who are known as the soul-sucking creatures who are constantly after Harry because of the way she felt. She thought that a good way to come out of depression is to be sidetracked in a way, and Harry Potter was her way out of reality and she took that into consideration. She also tried to relate most of her characters to people she knew when she was younger. J.K Rowling says that she sees a lot of herself in Hermione. Hermione comes off as a know it all sometimes and J.K says that’s how many people saw her when she was young. The Wesely’s were a poor family that did not have much, she was able to relate to this because before Harry Pot ter she was in that place for a long time. Ron was also based on J.K Rowling’s best friend Shane Harris. She also saw herself as Harry because there was always something she was trying to fix and she was not a quitter. She was never going to give up in what she believed in and it helped her get through many hardships she faced throughout her life just like him. Reading books can allow you to escape reality and maybe even sometimes solve a problem which is what she was trying to accomplish. The Harry Potter books were such a success that they were turned into a film series starring Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson. The entire film series made 7.7 billion dollars and is also one of the top highest grossing films of all time. The first movie premiered in 2001 and the last being in two parts finished in 2011. Over the last ten years J.K Rowling worked closely with the script writers because she wanted it as close to the books as possible. The movies success made the young actors Hollywood superstars and it al so had a huge impact to our generation. The movies and books are translated into 67 different languages, so no matter where you live or what language you speak you can get a taste of the magic. It was a family movie that everyone can enjoy together and seeing the magic come alive on screen really touched people all over the world and that also made an impact on society. Many things have evolved from the novels and the movie is not the only one. On June 18th 2010, Universal Studio’s opened up a new Theme park named: The Wizarding world of Harry Potter. Here you can experience the magic of Hogwarts in real life. You can you visit the Hogwarts castle, Three-broom sticks diner, Honeydukes sweet shop, Ollivander’s wand shop, Zonko’s joke store, and dervish and banges quidditch equipment store. These are all places that are in the movies and books and after ten years there finally a reality. â€Å"I used to leave set wishing I was at Hogwarts and that Harry Potter was real life. I got to experience the magi c of it but normal kids didn’t and now because of the theme park they can, and it’s wicked.† – Daniel Radcliffe( interview in 2010 about the Theme Park) This is a huge impact on society because there is not anything like this visting the theme park gives you the full experience and your imagination really comes to life. Daniel Radcliffe believes that â€Å"The wizarding world of Harry Potter has the potential to be a fantastic memory that kids will take with them, that will be something that stands out with them for a long time.† ( interview about the theme park 2010) This is a true fact and everyone who visits seems to capture some of the joy and take it with them where ever they may go. Pottermore is also another place to experience the Hogwarts school of witch-craft and wizardry. A website created by J.K Rowling in order to keep the Harry Potter Saga alive after the seventh book and the eighth movie being completed. She did this in response to her fan base being so strong. â€Å"So I’d like to take this opportunity to say thank you because no author could of asked for a more wonderful, diverse readership. I’m thrilled to say that I’m now in a position to give you something unique. An online reading experience unlike any other and its called Pottermore. It’s the same story with a few crucial editions; the most important one is you. Just as the experience of reading requires the imagination of the author and reader work together to create the story, so Pottermore will be built in part by you the reader. The digital generation will be able to enjoy a safe, unique online reading experience built around the Harry Potter books. Pottermore will be the place where fans of any age can share, participate in and re-discover the stories. And I will be sharing additional information that I’ve been holding for years about the world of Harry Potter. I hope to see you soon.† (J.K. Rowling on Pottermore.com) By visiting this website you can go through journeys of the books and through every chapter you visit you learn something new about the wizarding world. Like the books and movies you get sorted into a house: Gryffindor, Ravenclaw, Hufflepuff, and Slytherin, here you get to experience life as if you were a student. Just like the book you earn house points, make friends from many houses, brew positions, casts spells, attend quidditch matches , take journeys through diagon ailey ( located in London where the shops are), visit the wizarding bank and really experience life as a virtual Hogwarts student. As you can see the Harry Potter novels really do influence society. There has been over a million copies of the books sold, eight successful films translated into 67 languages, a enchanting theme – park, amazing websites, and even merchandise which includes, shirts, stickers, hats, sweatshirts, wands, anything you can think of. It is a spectacular story that has transformed reading. Most people before the Harry Potter series thought reading was boring and that TV. and the internet were more entertaining, but after reading it they changed their mind. J.K Rowling created an imaginary story that was still relatable and people will remember this book for years to come. â€Å"There’s always room for a story that can transport people to another place, and I feel I completed this task with Harry Potter.† ( J.K. Rowling on the success of her novels.)

Deception Point Page 2

â€Å"It is.† Her father's eyes studied her closely. Rachel felt part of her defenses melt away under his gaze, and she cursed the man's power. The senator's eyes were his gift – a gift Rachel suspected would probably carry him to the White House. On cue, his eyes would well with tears, and then, an instant later, they would clear, opening a window to an impassioned soul, extending a bond of trust to all. It's all about trust, her father always said. The senator had lost Rachel's years ago, but he was quickly gaining the country's. â€Å"I have a proposition for you,† Senator Sexton said. â€Å"Let me guess,† Rachel replied, attempting to refortify her position. â€Å"Some prominent divorce looking for a young wife?† â€Å"Don't kid yourself, honey. You're not that young anymore.† Rachel felt the familiar shrinking sensation that so often accompanied meetings with her father. â€Å"I want to throw you a life raft,† he said. â€Å"I wasn't aware I was drowning.† â€Å"You're not. The President is. You should jump ship before it's too late.† â€Å"Haven't we had this conversation?† â€Å"Think about your future, Rachel. You can come work for me.† â€Å"I hope that's not why you asked me to breakfast.† The senator's veneer of calm broke ever so slightly. â€Å"Rachel, can't you see that your working for him reflects badly on me. And on my campaign.† Rachel sighed. She and her father had been through this. â€Å"Dad, I don't work for the President. I haven't even met the President. I work in Fairfax, for God's sake!† â€Å"Politics is perception, Rachel. It appears you work for the President.† Rachel exhaled, trying to keep her cool. â€Å"I worked too hard to get this job, Dad. I'm not quitting.† The senator's eyes narrowed. â€Å"You know, sometimes your selfish attitude really-â€Å" â€Å"Senator Sexton?† A reporter materialized beside the table. Sexton's demeanor thawed instantly. Rachel groaned and took a croissant from the basket on the table. â€Å"Ralph Sneeden,† the reporter said. â€Å"Washington Post. May I ask you a few questions?† The senator smiled, dabbing his mouth with a napkin. â€Å"My pleasure, Ralph. Just make it quick. I don't want my coffee getting cold.† The reporter laughed on cue. â€Å"Of course, sir.† He pulled out a minirecorder and turned it on. â€Å"Senator, your television ads call for legislation ensuring equal salaries for women in the workplace†¦ as well as for tax cuts for new families. Can you comment on your rationale?† â€Å"Sure. I'm simply a huge fan of strong women and strong families.† Rachel practically choked on her croissant. â€Å"And on the subject of families,† the reporter followed up, â€Å"you talk a lot about education. You've proposed some highly controversial budget cuts in an effort to allocate more funds to our nation's schools.† â€Å"I believe the children are our future.† Rachel could not believe her father had sunk to quoting pop songs. â€Å"Finally, sir,† the reporter said, â€Å"you've taken an enormous jump in the polls these past few weeks. The President has got to be worried. Any thoughts on your recent success?† â€Å"I think it has to do with trust. Americans are starting to see that the President cannot be trusted to make the tough decisions facing this nation. Runaway government spending is putting this country deeper in debt every day, and Americans are starting to realize that it's time to stop spending and start mending.† Like a stay of execution from her father's rhetoric, the pager in Rachel's handbag went off. Normally the harsh electronic beeping was an unwelcome interruption, but at the moment, it sounded almost melodious. The senator glared indignantly at having been interrupted. Rachel fished the pager from her handbag and pressed a preset sequence of five buttons, confirming that she was indeed the person holding the pager. The beeping stopped, and the LCD began blinking. In fifteen seconds she would receive a secure text message. Sneeden grinned at the senator. â€Å"Your daughter is obviously a busy woman. It's refreshing to see you two still find time in your schedules to dine together.† â€Å"As I said, family comes first.† Sneeden nodded, and then his gaze hardened. â€Å"Might I ask, sir, how you and your daughter manage your conflicts of interest?† â€Å"Conflicts?† Senator Sexton cocked his head with an innocent look of confusion. â€Å"What conflicts do you mean?† Rachel glanced up, grimacing at her father's act. She knew exactly where this was headed. Damn reporters, she thought. Half of them were on political payrolls. The reporter's question was what journalists called a grapefruit – a question that was supposed to look like a tough inquiry but was in fact a scripted favor to the senator – a slow lob pitch that her father could line up and smash out of the park, clearing the air about a few things. â€Å"Well, sir†¦ † The reporter coughed, feigning uneasiness over the question. â€Å"The conflict is that your daughter works for your opponent.† Senator Sexton exploded in laughter, defusing the question instantly. â€Å"Ralph, first of all, the President and I are not opponents. We are simply two patriots who have different ideas about how to run the country we love.† The reporter beamed. He had his sound bite. â€Å"And second?† â€Å"Second, my daughter is not employed by the President; she is employed by the intelligence community. She compiles intel reports and sends them to the White House. It's a fairly low-level position.† He paused and looked at Rachel. â€Å"In fact, dear, I'm not sure you've even met the President, have you?† Rachel stared, her eyes smoldering. The beeper chirped, drawing Rachel's gaze to the incoming message on the LCD screen. – RPRT DIRNRO STAT – She deciphered the shorthand instantly and frowned. The message was unexpected, and most certainly bad news. At least she had her exit cue. â€Å"Gentlemen,† she said. â€Å"It breaks my heart, but I have to go. I'm late for work.† â€Å"Ms. Sexton,† the reporter said quickly, â€Å"before you go, I was wondering if you could comment on the rumors that you called this breakfast meeting to discuss the possibility of leaving your current post to work for your father's campaign?† Rachel felt like someone had thrown hot coffee in her face. The question took her totally off guard. She looked at her father and sensed in his smirk that the question had been prepped. She wanted to climb across the table and stab him with a fork. The reporter shoved the recorder into her face. â€Å"Miss Sexton?† Rachel locked eyes with the reporter. â€Å"Ralph, or whoever the hell you are, get this straight: I have no intention of abandoning my job to work for Senator Sexton, and if you print anything to the contrary, you'll need a shoehorn to get that recorder out of your ass.† The reporter's eyes widened. He clicked off his recorder, hiding a grin. â€Å"Thank you both.† He disappeared. Rachel immediately regretted the outburst. She had inherited her father's temper, and she hated him for it. Smooth, Rachel. Very smooth. Her father glared disapprovingly. â€Å"You'd do well to learn some poise.† Rachel began collecting her things. â€Å"This meeting is over.† The senator was apparently done with her anyway. He pulled out his cellphone to make a call. â€Å"‘Bye, sweetie. Stop by the office one of these days and say hello. And get married, for God's sake. You're thirty-three years old.† â€Å"Thirty-four,† she snapped. â€Å"Your secretary sent a card.†

Successful Writing in College Essays

Successful Writing in College Essays Successful Writing in College Essay Successful Writing in College Essay Essay Topic: College College application Throughout college, students will be mandated to write countless numbers of essays through their college education. Various of the assignments will talk about their individual goals and desires. Writing is a way of communicating without having to use our voices.We need writing for a number of reasons. One being jobs; applications, and emailing employees. To be an effective writer you have to be able to put your words in a form where your targeted audience understands what your main points are. To be a better writer you need to take the time on working on your craft and revising your writings to become closer to writing an excellent essay. In high school, I always had the same problem in writing and reading assignments. I waited to the last night to either figure out what the heck I was going to write ortry to finish reading the chapters. I would do this assignment after assignment. I would never make a outline for my papers. I would never rereadthe chapters if I never understood the content. My pattern throughout high school was procrastination. Writing and reading are a process and they take time and full effort. â€Å"You have to sing everyday so you can build up to be amazingly brilliant.† (Jagger 1. ) To become great at something it takes a lot of practice to improve your skill. Yes some people are born with better abilities at first for reading or writing but they still have to put the effort in to become phenomenal. My procrastination would lead me to rush at the last minute and I would end up turning in terrible work for my teacher.I would always wonder whenI would get my papers back why would my grade not as well as I wanted. I would think maybe its my teachers fault and not me but then next year I had a different teacher with the same results. Would struggle with writing and reading assignments. So i took a step back for a moment is it the teachers or me? I figured out my patterns of last minute work was the probl

3 Sentences That Lack a Word to Achieve Parallel Structure

3 Sentences That Lack a Word to Achieve Parallel Structure 3 Sentences That Lack a Word to Achieve Parallel Structure 3 Sentences That Lack a Word to Achieve Parallel Structure By Mark Nichol Each of the following sentences is flawed because omission of a word prevents the statement from conveying the intended meaning. Discussion and revision point out the missing word. 1. Smith will discuss the organization’s mission and activities to date. The writer likely did not intend to suggest that the discussion would be about both the organization’s mission to date and its activities to date; its mission is almost certainly unchanging, so â€Å"to date† pertains only to the activities, and therefore that noun must be preceded by a possessive noun or pronoun to match the preceding possessive noun: â€Å"Smith will discuss the organization’s mission and its activities to date.† 2. Dennis Eckersley, with his familiar mustache and long hair flowing out from underneath his cap, was perhaps the face of the Oakland A’s in the late 1980s and early ’90s. Presumably, this baseball player’s mustache did not flow out from underneath his cap, so the references to the mustache and the long hair must have their own pronouns; in addition, each must be followed a distinct adjective: â€Å"Dennis Eckersley, with his trademark mustache and his familiar long hair flowing out from underneath his cap, was perhaps the face of the Oakland A’s in the late 1980s and early ’90s.† 3. The business moved forward without realizing the value or need for consultation with various departments. Because value and consultation would not, in isolation, be bridged with the same preposition that separate need and consultation, value requires a distinct preposition: â€Å"The business moved forward without realizing the value of or need for consultation with various departments.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives 10 Colloquial Terms and Their MeaningsPhrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns

A Tour to Maasai Mara Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

A Tour to Maasai Mara - Assignment Example At first, I was worried because I had never taken a flight in such a big airplane. I also had the phobia of heights. My parents seemed relaxed probably because they were used to flying. Air hostesses were moving around the plane checking whether the passengers required any assistance. We were even served with drinks. My brother and I took coffee while my parents took wine. After eight hours, the plane landed on Nairobi’s Jomo Kenyatta international airport. â€Å"We are now in Kenya† bellowed my dad. There were two guys waiting for us at the airport and were holding placards bearing my parents’ name. They took us to a waiting van that drove us into a hotel in the city center where were to stay. The two guys were from a tour company with which my dad had made reservations prior to our journey. People from this city looked friendly and were always willing to help us. We were to visit several tourist destinations in Kenya and later Tanzania, a country that neighbor’s Kenya. We first toured Maasai Mara, a region is known world over due to the great wildebeest migration. The aircraft landed on a small airfield in the middle of the lowlands amidst lions and running giraffe. What I saw in Maasai Mara perplexed me. I had never seen a movement of animals as huge as the wildebeest migration. Our tour guide explained that over three million wildebeest migrate from Tanzania’s Serengeti National Park to Kenya’s Maasai Mara National Reserve in search of pastures. This we were told happens annually in the months of July through October. The migrating wildebeest crossed the Mara River where crocodiles would prey on them. It was the largest massacre of the wildebeest and the largest feast for the crocodiles. It was a sight to behold. The wildebeest would dither for hours on the riverbank, striding reluctantly into the river as they calcula ted the risks in the waters.

Managing People in Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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Business Ethics and Virtue Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Ethics and Virtue Ethics - Essay Example According to Immanuel Kant, justice virtue is included in his famous methaphysics of morals. The justice virtue ethics can be applied to each sweatshop operation. Kant’s morals include the individuals’ compulsory obedience to the established laws. Even if the government orders the individuals to violate the laws, the individuals should implement all tenets of the laws, without exception. The failure to implement the nation’s approved law provisions should be meted the corresponding penalties. The penalties include fines, incarceration, or even death. Kant insists that the people must implement their ethical duty to obey approved statutes, ordinances, policies, and other established standards. The penalties are meant to deter future repetitions of the immoral acts or non-acts (Hill, 2012). Second, another virtue is fairness. Fairness virtue includes refusing implement any act or non-act that will unduly create unfair disadvantage to other individuals. Fairness can be likened to the golden rule. The golden rule reiterates that one should not do any act or non-act on another person that one does not want replicated by the other person. For example, the individual should not kick an innocent third person if the individual does not want to be kicked in the same way (Fischer, 2012). Third, Mattel implements compliance generosity virtue. The generosity virtue includes generating abundance resources. The abundant resources are used to accomplish the company’s established goals and objectives. The goals and objectives are presumed to be complying with virtue ethics’ morality doctrines. The goals and objectives are designed to make most of the people feel happy. Mattel can small children. However, the company allocates the scarce resources to ensuring that the company’s sales targets, production targets, and other benchmarks are achieved with the allocated time period. Generosity does not equate to spending unwisely. Generosity d oes not include cutting down expenses on certain avoidable acts or non-acts. For example, the company should purchase nontoxic paint (Russell, 2009). The generosity virtue includes allocated more than enough funds for accomplish Mattel’s organizational goals and objectives. Application of virtues to Mattel Toys Of the virtues, one virtue is justice. Justice includes improving the sweatshop production environment in some outsourcing environments. The company implemented compliance with the virtue ethics for some time. However, the financial constraints of continuing the policy were draining the company’s profits. Several Mattel field officers reduced and even postponed the required virtue ethics policies. Consequently, the company was forced to stop prioritizing implementing the virtue ethics’ emphasis on improving the sweatshop production facilities’ work environment. Second, another virtue is fairness. Fairness includes avoiding or stopping business comm itments and partnerships with erring business partners found violating Mattel’s virtue ethics policies. The company will stop engaging in the buying the erring suppliers’ products. The erring suppliers include those that implement substandard work conditions. The erring suppliers include current and future suppliers’ polluting their production environments, water, air, land, and other natural resources. On the other hand, Mattel will buy products suppliers who comply with Mattel’s established virtue ethics standards. Mattel will not deal with suppliers that pay their employees

Relation Between Psychological Well-being and Internet Usage

Relation Between Psychological Well-being and Internet Usage Two major paradigms have been utilized in attempt to describe interactions between psychological well-being and internet usage: a deficiency paradigm which points out that the use of media is the consequence and compensation for unsatisfactory face-to-face interactions, and a global use paradigm, where internet usage are considered to be universal in terms of behaviours in online and offline social interaction (Tsao, 1996). Studies into the usage of social networking sites, such as Facebook, delivers several distinctions for the contrast of the two paradigms. University students supported the global use paradigm, where the relationship of online and offline social interactions were compared, and students reporting larger number of close friends and more offline face-to-face interactions had larger pool of Facebook friends. Humans, as social animals, are bound and thrive with social interactions; which cultivates our psychological well-being. According to Diener (1997), psychological well-being denotes how individuals appraise their lives, and such evaluations may essentially be in forms of cognitions, where it is an evaluation of the lives of individuals based on their satisfaction of their life as a whole, or, in another way, in the form of affect, where it is an appraisal guided by emotions and feelings in which individuals experience positive or negative moods in reaction to their everyday lives, and as people invariably experience moods and emotions, which may have a positive effect or a negative effect, the postulation is that most individuals evaluate their life as either good or bad, so they are normally able to offer judgments. Thus, as individuals who are unable to experience satisfaction in one area of their life, they would look to another medium in attempt to search for a comfort zone, and especially in times where technology thrive, where individuals dwell in an increasingly networked world, they are relentlessly connected to each other through various methods, with social networking spaces providing one of the most popular methods that people employ to link each other together. Individuals who cope well in social interactions make use of media as a tool for advancement in their social standings, and those who are unable to cope, use media as compensation for their unsatisfactory face-to-face interactions. Tsao (1996) describes interactions between media use and psychological well-being as two separate major paradigms: a global use paradigm, as well as a deficiency paradigm. Tsao (1996) explains that the deficiency paradigm, which forecasts that individuals view media usage as a compensatory mean of their unsatisfactory social interactions. Ashe McCutcheon (2001) refer such phenomenon that an individual exhibit as parasocial interaction, where it is considered a one-sided interpersonal relationship in which one party holds a great amount of information about the other, but the other party does not. Such occurrences can usually be observed between celebrities and fans. While it may not necessarily be negative, the emergence of a new medium for social interactions to occur was considered to provide more negative effects than positive ones, as parasocial interaction are considered to be counterproductive in terms of social interactivity. It has been clarified by Stepanikova, Nie He (2010) that in the long run, deficits on offline face-to-face social interconnectivity can be observed as individuals are immersed in online interactions and have diminished in terest in actual real world interactions. Turkle (1995) argued that individuals who engage and immerse in online-role-playing games would have the tendency to neglect their real lives so as to be able to live in the virtual world. Kraut et.al (1998) provides the same point of view, and added on that after a period of time, the families of such parasocial interactions garnered higher rates of loneliness, as well as lower rates of social involvement in the real world, and as reported by Nie and Erbring (2002), there was a negative correlation with the amount of time spent on the internet and amount of time spent for social interactions. As such, online interactions were preferred to as compared to face-to-face communications, and were found to be lonelier as time spent online increases. The deficiency paradigm is strong in its concept to explain the relationship of how individuals deal with online and offline social interactions, with illustrations of the causal behaviour of parasocia l interaction. However, further analyses conducted by other researchers may overthrow the deficiency paradigm. Gross (2004) challenges the strength of the research of Tsao by proposing that the deficiency paradigm is limited as it may not apply to every situation or case, and findings suggested that there are no significant correlations between social involvement and total time spent online, and there would be a better explanation on the relationship of online and offline social interactivity which can be established. Tsao (1996) elicits that in the global use paradigm, individuals display similar behavioural patterns when they are online, as well as offline. This would mean that individuals make use of media not as a compensatory mean, but rather, as a tool for the enrichment of their social statuses, as well as being connected to others. Park, Kee Valenzuela (2009) illustrates such universal behavioural pattern, as explained by the global use paradigm, through their findings that university students were using online social media sites such as Facebook to satisfy their social and psychological needs. Their results revealed that students were participating in Facebook groups to be kept up to date with events occurring on and off campus, to socialise with friends and to gain self-status (Park et al. 2009). In a similar study, Freberg et. al (2010) conducted a survey which includes 124 undergraduate students, and questionnaires were administered to the students to evaluate the relationship between online and offline social interactions. Several factors that were part of the assessment criteria was how individuals spend their time offline, which includes face-to-face social interactions with friends and family, as well as assessing their online connectivity, which translates to how often they spend interacting with friends they consider to be close. Results revealed that the majority of the assessed students reported being active on social networking sites, and it is found that there was no significant negative relationship between online and offline social interactivity. However, the limitation in this particular study is such that distortion to the actual number of close friends an individual has online would contaminate the actual data set, and thus would affect the reliability of the survey. Student in the sample size may not answer truthfully, or may have errors in thinking that they may have more close friends than they actually would have. Another example that limits t he research is that the needs and gratifications of the students were not assessed beforehand, and as such it was not clear to ascertain that media usage of the participant was attributed to compensatory or non-compensatory means. All total, few studies regarding the effects of online usage on psychological well-being revealed adverse effects, as majority of studies displayed little to no impact on online and offline social interactions (Gross, 2004), and other studies suggested that the relationship of online and offline social interaction would be better improved by a certain amount of online usage (Shaw Gant, 2002). These findings are more consistent with the global use paradigm brought up by Tsao, which evidently advocates internet use has become a universal experience as opposed to being referred to as a strategy for compensating what is lacking in our actual lives. The studies have provided a direction in explaining that the global use paradigm is more appropriate in the explanation of the relationship of online and offline social interactions. In addition, studies suggests that the way we interact online is shifting in the direction of the way we interact in the real world, and that proposes that the amount of social media usage by students are seen as universal in terms of behaviour in social interaction, as opposed to the deficiency paradigm suggesting that users have dissonance in the relationship of online and offline social interactions, and as researches reveal, those who are lacking in terms of offline face-to-face social interaction do not appear to be finding for more social connections online as a means of compensating for the deficient real world social experience. Nonetheless, it is certain that as the amount of time spent on social networking sites increases to a level where it is considered deficit, it would cause our offline soc ial interactions to be damaged as the more time spent online, it would mean we would have lesser time for face-to-face social interactions (Stepanikova, Nie He, 2010).

Mt.Vesuvius and its 79 AD Eruption Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Volcano: A hill or mountain formed around and above a vent by accumulations of erupted materials, such as ash, pumice, cinders or lava-flow. The term refers both to the vent itself and to the often cone-shaped accumulation above it. (Scarth, 1994.) This definition can do Mt. Vesuvius no justice. Instead, I would describe it as one of the most hellish and population decimating volcanoes. Vesuvius lives†¦or lived! In its prime, Vesuvius covered and demolished two of Italy’s biggest cultural and artistic cities of its time. In this paper, I will be discussing volcanoes in general. In addition, Mt. Vesuvius, in particular, will be thoroughly looked at, as well as its 79 AD eruption.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Volcanoes have long been depicted as nature’s killer. In movies, Volcanoes are seen as mountains of fire and spitting lava; their only purpose seems to be to kill and destroy everything in their path. Never is the background of volcanoes discussed. How are volcanoes formed? Are there different types of volcanoes? What happens during an eruption? The basic questions to aid understanding of volcanoes might change the public’s opinion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, I will begin with the creation of volcanoes. Volcanoes are formed in different ways. In a short version: the earth’s plates shift and move. After the plates collide into each other, one plate is pushed down into the mantel below the crust and melts. Hot magma from the mantle breaks through a weak spot in the crust. As the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ziehm 2 magma shoots out of the crust, the cooling magma called lava becomes hard. After significant time, the hard lava forms a volcanic mountain. Volcanoes can form in many different sizes and shapes. They can look like a cone, have steep looking flanks, or look as if they were long cracks in the earth’s crust. (Plummer et al., 2000). If the mountain is very tall, then there is a greater chance that it was formed from past eruptions. When the lava cools, it makes the mountain bigger and higher. Depending on the type of volcano, layers can differ in lava/ash content. (Plu... ...p;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ziehm 6 Mt.Vesuvius is just one of several active volcanoes throughout the world. They have wiped out populations in the past and have the potential to decimate more in the future. Geologists are predicting that a volcanic eruption will occur that will dwarf eruptions such as Vesuvius and Mt. St. Helen’s. (http://www.ph_heidelburg.de/stud/EGGERTT/vesuvio.html) The only thing we can do is sit and wait†¦nature will take its course.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   List of Refrences Morris,C. 1902: The Volcano’s Deadly Work: From the Fall of Pompeii to the Destruction of St. Pierre. The Dan Waugh Collection of Nature Books. Washington, D.C. 236-254. Plummer, C.C., McGeary, D. & Carlson, D.H., 2000: Physical Geoloy. Updated eigth ed..Mcgraw-Hill Companies, Inc., NY. 81-82,88-89. Rittman, A & L. 1976: Volcanoes. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, NY. 20-22 Scarth, A.1994: Volcanoes: An Introduction. Texas A&M University Press College Station. 56-57, 74, 259. [ http://www.volcano.und.nodak.edu] [ http://www.harcourtschool.com] [http://www.ph_heidelburg.de/stud/EGGERTT/vesuvio.html] Mt.Vesuvius and its 79 AD Eruption Essay -- essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Volcano: A hill or mountain formed around and above a vent by accumulations of erupted materials, such as ash, pumice, cinders or lava-flow. The term refers both to the vent itself and to the often cone-shaped accumulation above it. (Scarth, 1994.) This definition can do Mt. Vesuvius no justice. Instead, I would describe it as one of the most hellish and population decimating volcanoes. Vesuvius lives†¦or lived! In its prime, Vesuvius covered and demolished two of Italy’s biggest cultural and artistic cities of its time. In this paper, I will be discussing volcanoes in general. In addition, Mt. Vesuvius, in particular, will be thoroughly looked at, as well as its 79 AD eruption.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Volcanoes have long been depicted as nature’s killer. In movies, Volcanoes are seen as mountains of fire and spitting lava; their only purpose seems to be to kill and destroy everything in their path. Never is the background of volcanoes discussed. How are volcanoes formed? Are there different types of volcanoes? What happens during an eruption? The basic questions to aid understanding of volcanoes might change the public’s opinion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, I will begin with the creation of volcanoes. Volcanoes are formed in different ways. In a short version: the earth’s plates shift and move. After the plates collide into each other, one plate is pushed down into the mantel below the crust and melts. Hot magma from the mantle breaks through a weak spot in the crust. As the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ziehm 2 magma shoots out of the crust, the cooling magma called lava becomes hard. After significant time, the hard lava forms a volcanic mountain. Volcanoes can form in many different sizes and shapes. They can look like a cone, have steep looking flanks, or look as if they were long cracks in the earth’s crust. (Plummer et al., 2000). If the mountain is very tall, then there is a greater chance that it was formed from past eruptions. When the lava cools, it makes the mountain bigger and higher. Depending on the type of volcano, layers can differ in lava/ash content. (Plu... ...p;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ziehm 6 Mt.Vesuvius is just one of several active volcanoes throughout the world. They have wiped out populations in the past and have the potential to decimate more in the future. Geologists are predicting that a volcanic eruption will occur that will dwarf eruptions such as Vesuvius and Mt. St. Helen’s. (http://www.ph_heidelburg.de/stud/EGGERTT/vesuvio.html) The only thing we can do is sit and wait†¦nature will take its course.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   List of Refrences Morris,C. 1902: The Volcano’s Deadly Work: From the Fall of Pompeii to the Destruction of St. Pierre. The Dan Waugh Collection of Nature Books. Washington, D.C. 236-254. Plummer, C.C., McGeary, D. & Carlson, D.H., 2000: Physical Geoloy. Updated eigth ed..Mcgraw-Hill Companies, Inc., NY. 81-82,88-89. Rittman, A & L. 1976: Volcanoes. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, NY. 20-22 Scarth, A.1994: Volcanoes: An Introduction. Texas A&M University Press College Station. 56-57, 74, 259. [ http://www.volcano.und.nodak.edu] [ http://www.harcourtschool.com] [http://www.ph_heidelburg.de/stud/EGGERTT/vesuvio.html]

A Basic Knowledge About Tools And Techniques Architecture Essay

This literature position is to supply a basic cognition about tools and techniques application for undertaking information direction in current building patterns. This paper will show a better understanding about current tools and techniques for information direction in undertaking, particularly Constructing Information Modelling and 4D Modelling in building use. First, the traditional information direction processing should be introduce and with their possible jobs and restriction. Second, this paper will show the existing tools and techniques which are applied in building undertaking information direction. Furthermore, this literature position will concentrate on Building Information Modelling and 4D Modelling in undertaking information direction with its benefits and its barriers. In add-on, to place which tool or techniques are suited for little, medium and big building undertaking based on comparing of these tools and techniques. Finally, based on Chinese building contents, to place which tools and techniques are appropriate applied in China.2. Undertaking INFORMATION MANAGEMENYUndertaking Information direction ( PIM ) can be defined as a system for aggregation, co-ordinate, managing, storage and disseminate of building undertakings information ( Winch, 2002, pp.339-341 ; Lester, 2007 ) . The cardinal rules of PIM is that based on specif ic information to organize communicating and to guarantee accurate and current undertaking information is available at the right clip in the right format to the right individual. The benefits of information direction a improve efficiency, effectivity and cut down hazard eventuality in the whole undertaking procedure.2.1 Undertaking Information FlowUndertaking information relates to the undertaking life rhythm, involves undertaking briefing phase, design phase, be aftering phase and executing phase ( Winch, 2002, pp.186-188 ) . The figure 2.1 shows the general undertaking procedure in building industry. In the briefing phase ( A & A ; B ) the clients identified their thoughts / demand for the undertaking and guarantee the feasibleness. The information procedure in this phase is iterative and divergent, to do a solution for briefing jobs. Second, during the design phase ( C ) , design squads to be after and bring forth design information. The effect of design development is to bring forth drawings, specifications and measures measure for the following phase. In this phase, information still iterative around briefing phase information, but concentrate to measure and choose solution to plan job to accomplish a comprehensive description of the undertaking relevant information. Third, during the building phase ( D ) , the information direction becomes more complexly. Information in this phase affect relevant drawings, specifications, times, costs, connexion with clients and providers, site installations, profici ent and fiscal studies, meeting and conversation records, and other informations. Information processing becomes common than design phase. Contactors need to tie in with clients, interior decorators, subcontractors and providers to guarantee all information are accurate and easiness acquisition, but common information still has insecurity factors for the on-site plants, such as foundation and structural plants on redesign undertaking ( Lester, 2007 ; Winch, 2002 ) .2.2 The development of information engineeringsTechniques of information direction have been developed since the fourteenth century where graduated table proficient drawings were introduced to the industry. From this clip, traditional information engineerings were paper-based which undertaking information merely could be done by difficult transcript. However, the communicating of certain paperss may merely be sent by mail or collected from relevancy parties. Manual documentary methods in building industry play a chief fun ction still today. This type of technique is still utilizing into communicating over the undertaking procedure. The restriction for this is that the drawings or paperss are non accurate. It could non modify instantly and should redraft in processing. During the 1970s, computing machine aided design ( CAD ) engineerings had been developed a new drawing techniques which allowed drawings could be portion and applied in other stockholders on design spheres but information direction still based on traditional information methods. However, the personal computing machine ( Personal computer ) developed allows undertaking stakeholders can portion and applied in their ain computing machine, particularly the computing machine can be equipped on the site office which much improved the undertaking information originative and storage ( Winch, 2002, pp.342-343 ) . Over the last 20 twelvemonth, information engineerings have quickly developing. There are many particulars package companies develop figure of tools to cut down undertaking ‘s process and better building communicating. Furthermore, the cyberspace developing allows stakeholders evaluate relevant information online without sit down together and communicating becomes convenient ( Winch, 2002, pp. 343 ) . At the same clip, there are many new specializer cognition have been introduced to the industry which brings building undertaking becomes more complexness. In add-on, fiscal, proficient, Healthy & A ; Safety, and environmental jobs of the building lead undertaking hazard becomes higher. As a consequence, there are tonss of information integrates with the undertaking processes due to information and cognition are often be modified and substituted. ( Gray & A ; Hughes, 2001, pp.2-3 ) . Therefore, there are a figure of tools and techniques has developed and introduced to the building industry for improve undertaking information direction.3. Existing TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR PIMThe direction of building undertaking is about direction the undertaking information. The specific tools and techniques have been developed for operation and communicating of information on building undertaking. The common proficient of PIM is Information and communicating engineerings ( ICTs ) which has been widely utilizing in the industry today. It application in building is indispensable for coevals, storage and distribution of undertaking information in calculating electronic format ( Winch, 2002, pp. 340 ) . In this subdivision will present some typical tools and techniques for improve undertaking information direction.3.1 CAD for design phaseComputer aided design ( CAD ) began as drafting plans for developing design certification. CAD operated original in planar ( 2D ) environment. 2D CAD allows working with a computing machine representation of geometry. The advantage of this is that interior decorator can make drawings more easy and accurate in dimension. It can supply limitless grading capablenesss. In add-on, the drawings can be portion and applied in construction, mechanical and electronic design spheres ( Maher, 2000 ) . The development extended 2D CAD into 3D CAD which allows interior decorator ciphering and stand foring 3-dimensional form and solid. There are a batch of 3D package tools available in usage today. In add-on, perspective rendition is another technique for 3D. It allows presentation that adds light beginnings and stuff belongingss into 3D theoretical account ( Maher , 2000 ) . The chief virtue of utilizing CAD is that all drawings can be end product and input in same format which allows stakeholders can portion the design information in their ain personal computing machine.3.2 Construction directionThe building phase can be separate into two procedures – planning and building. The techniques of these procedures are relied on traditional methods, such as Gantt chart for agenda, graphs and saloon or pie charts but translate to digital format in today ( Kymmell, 2008 ) . The typical tools for the building direction is Microsoft Office Project and Excel which allows those traditional theoretical account represent into spreadsheets, diagrams and other representation of information.3.3 Documentary direction toolsAccord to the IT development, Email is become as the chief communicating method. The undertaking informations can be sent to other relevant stakeholders but this communicating route merely available for one to one or one to multiple stakeholders. In add-on, Email merely can bringing individual informations and can non incorporate with other informations and with deficiency of security. It is difficultly to measure the information and information ( Craig, 2006 ) . In the recent twelvemonth, there is a new techniques has been introduced to the industry. Project extranets or calls extranets has been developed for more than 15 old ages. Extranets has been used as commercially system in the UK such as BIW Technologies and 4Projects. The extranets is likes a tool for geting and sharing undertaking informations in the internet-based driver ( Wilkinson, 2005 ; BIW, no day of the month ) . The benefits of utilizing extranets are:Better integrative of undertaking stakeholder.Information becomes more transparence and answerability. Because the audit trail is automatic recorded without differences and the undertaking cardinal procedures can be easy monitored.Paper-based paperss could be replaced by electronic paperss which salvaging cost and clip for printing, copying, distribution, storage and skill relevant undertaking information.More safety for information storage. The extranets can restrict access-authority for users.The information can be searched and reused.3.4 Limitation of bing tools and techniquesThere are some restriction and barriers of bing tools and techniques:The range of application for PIM tools merely concentrate on differentiate phases such as design phase and building preliminary phase, which ignore considered project direction as a integrative entity. Most of import is that few tools and techniques can be used for building phase, such as advancement, quality and cost controls.Construction companies emphasise the utilizing of tools and techniques in different phase procedure but without considered utilizing an sole criterion for planning, agreement and direction of undertaking information ( Liu, 2005 ) .Some building companies are weak on their ain information direction. There are many excess informations and information had been repeatedly stored in their computing machine drivers which reflect on comparative information can be portion with other parties ( Liu, 2007 ) .Undertaking information is fragmented whic h can non unite all information in one system for undertaking members evaluate, discuss, estimation and knock undertaking informations and information.Therefore, constructing information mold as a new signifier techniques can better and consummate work out the existing tools and techniques ‘ restrictions in undertaking information direction.4. Building INFORMATION Modeling5. 4D ModelingFour-dimensional computing machine aided design ( 4D CAD ) is a new technique has been researched and applied in the field of building since 1990s. This study is an fact-finding paper, presents the development of 3D and 4D simulations the field of building foremost. The development of this technique including commercially, research and development countries are revealed. Several current 3D and 4D commercially package tools are analysed in 2nd subdivision includes two instance surveies. The benefits and restrictions of 4D are discussed. In the terminal, the study negotiations about 4D technique i mpacts building and the supply concatenation.5.1 Development of TechniqueThe engineering of building design and planning has been developed for long clip. Due to the computing machine scientific discipline development, the traditional technique has been trended to visualization worlds from manual drawing.5.2 4D CadFour-dimensional computing machine adjutant design ( 4D CAD ) is a new technique uniting with 3D theoretical accounts and building processing in another mean is clip. 2D and 3D improve building design more quality and efficient. 3D development provides the foundation for 4D CAD in the field of building direction. 4D CAD led the abstract undertaking planning can be presented straight and inventive in simulation. In 1984, CAS Inc developed PM-Vision which used 3D theoretical account to develop a database for building ( CSA, no day of the month ) . The first developed 3D CAD theoretical accounts link to building agendas was created in 1986-87 by Bechtel and Hitachi Ltd. They developed 4D Planner package. The 4D theoretical account creates by associating the agenda to the 3D CAD theoretical account to demoing which pieces of the undertaking will be constructed in sequence ( Yerrapathruni, 2003 ) In 1990 ‘s, 4D CAD has been progressively developed around in commercialism and research. Jacobus Technology developed and marketed a 4D simulation system called Construction Simulation Toolkit ( CST ) in 1992 ( Yerrapathruni, 2003 ) . CST allows user import CAD information from AutoCAD and Micostation uniting with agenda informations. The Centre for Integrated Facilities Engineering ( CIFE ) of Stanford University begins academic research in 1994. CIFE started the first undertaking research in the San Mateo County Health Facility which developed 4D theoretical account to pass on in the four-year building. After the first undertaking, CIFE continued to research related to 4D theoretical accounts. CIFE plays a leader function in 4D research country. Following CIFE, the academic research started in UK and Finland. In UK, the research undertaking of the Virtual Construction Site ( VIRCON ) which is a collaborative undertaking between University College London, Teeside University, The University of Wolverhampton and 11 building companies, was funded by UK authorities. The purpose of undertaking is to bring forth a tool allow contrivers to merchandise off the temporal sequencing of undertakings with their spacial distribution. In University of Wolverhampton, Dr. David Heesom published Technology Opportunities and Potential for The Virtual Construction Site in 2002. In 2000 ‘s, several commercial 4D package tools have been produced to building industry. In the following subdivision will take about the commercial package tools.5.3 Existing Software analysisFrom 2000, 4D technique has been developed rapid. There are a assorted consequences of research are published and commercially available package tools are produced such as common Point undertaking 4DTM, JetStream TimelinerTM, Revit ArchitectureTM and xD Virtual BuilderTM. All 4D technique tool can export video format files for use.5.3.1. Common Point Project 4DTM – Common Point Int.Common Point Project 4D was presented in 1999 by Common Point, Inc. It originated from the research activities undertaken at the Centre for Integrated Facility Engineering ( CIFE ) at Stanford University, USA ( Heesom & A ; Mahdjoubi, 2004 ) . Undertaking 4D is a building simulation package tool that links agenda activities to 3D constituents. Project 4D ‘s chief characteristic is 4D playback, whic h allows the user to sequence building issues harmonizing to a agenda for imitating building events in chronological order. Common Point developed this system in acknowledgment of the realisation that the user to better communicate, program and analyse building activities throughout the undertaking lifecycle. The Undertaking 4D import 3D information from common industry format, such as AutoCAD ArchiCAD, Microstation and 3D MAX. The agenda informations can be imported from Primavera, SureTrak, Expedition, MS Project, Excel, comma or tab-delimited files. However, Woolley ( 2007 ) argues that Project 4D works merely with VRML CAD theoretical accounts ( WRL and RAW file formats ) and tends to restrict it to architectural instead than engineered in building applications. In add-on, it does non let user modify the 3D theoretical accounts in the 4D system.5.3.2. JetStream TimelinerTM – NavisworksJetStream Timeliner is developed by Navisworks. It is enable 3D theoretical account informations to be linked with undertaking package for create 4D visual image of building agenda. This package allows user demoing all undertakings happening in the interval period, to guarantee little undertakings happening between interval points in the undertaking does non lose in 4D simulation. The package allows imports most CAD format from, such as AutoCAD ( .dwg, .dxf, .sat ) , 3D Studio ( 3ds.prj ) , SketchUp ( .skp ) and Navisoworks ( .nwd.nwf.nwc ) . The undertaking agenda package and formats supported by JetStream TimeLiner is PowerProject, MS Pro ject and Primavera. Timeliner provides extension that allows text, site undertakings and procedure screening in simulation. The behaviour of the undertaking simulation is configurable and the show can be customized. ( Navisworks, no day of the month ) Harmonizing to Khemlani ( 2004 ) , the biggest restriction of Timeliner is perspective. The show of theoretical account is a generic geometry-based solution. The monetary value show in the web site of Timeliner is 1250 dollars. If the user want to purchase whole the JetStream bundle in sum is 8450 dollars. It is rather expensive for most building industry houses.5.3.2.1. Revit ArchitectureTM- AutodeskRevit Architecture was developed by Autodesk. This package based on Autodesk research that called Building Information Modelling ( BIM ) . The theory of BIM is screens geometry, spacial relationships, geographic information, measures and belongingss of edifice constituents. BIM can be used to show the full edifice lifecycle including the procedures of building and installation operation ( Wikipedia, no day of the month ) . The construct of BIM is similar with 4D. Using Revit Architecture provides user record and reappraisal full undertaking from design period to build period organizing p rograms, agendas, and building paperss in ocular. ( Autodesk, no day of the month ) Compare with other commercial 4D package, Revit can make 3D theoretical account in the system. Due to Autodesk strength, utilizing with Autodesk Software, Revit can provides elaborate programs and renders of lifts. However, without Autodesk Software it could import other common package. It is average that undertaking agenda informations should be created in original technique. The users ought to pass a batch of clip to understand and the package Standard individual user monetary value is up to 4000 lbs.5.4 Benefits and hereafter3D and 4D simulation has been used in building industry. 3D simulation is popular in architectural and structural design. Interior designer can bring forth an attractive theoretical account in item degree, utilize it to show their design and communicate with other design parties. However, 3D simulation in building direction is non utile. Most 3D package are attentive the characteristic of rendering. In existent clip simulation, it could non bring forth 3D theo retical account nexus with other building activities. To set about a successful 3D theoretical account need user use much strength in preparation and understanding package because of a batch characteristics and maps should be used in. In long history traditional building, be aftering tools such as saloon chart and web diagrams are abstract for most people. To understand the undertaking be aftering need people analyze its and practise. Harmonizing to Fischer ( 2002 ) , 4D theoretical accounts combine 3D CAD theoretical accounts with undertaking agenda and other undertaking information to demo a ocular theoretical account for proficient and non-technical stakeholders in apprehension, analysing and pass oning a design and building agenda. In communicating of undertaking, 4D theoretical account provides a ocular simulation for all coordinators such as interior decorators, clients, contractors and builder to understand the undertaking effectual. For illustration, Walt Paradise Pier ‘ GC merely spent 2 yearss to understand the full undertaking sequence. By utilizing 4D, undertaking developers can measure the sequence, procedure, building methods and hazard in building undertaking. In add-on, item 3D and 4D modelin g can cut down the waste of stuffs and resources. The 4D theoretical account besides back up user gauge stuffs measure and deliver clip. Finally, 4D create a platform for interior decorators and contactors to reexamine and stakeout the advancement in building. Although 4D CAD has advantages in building direction, most 4D package tools merely simple combine with 3D theoretical account and agenda, as drama mesosphere. These package tools could non supply auxiliary map for building direction. The other maps such as cost, stuffs information, rendition, and human resource could non show in 4D theoretical account. In the practical building applications, 4D CAD must trust on complex 3D theoretical accounts, the restriction of it evidently. 4D development tendency could be including:Better the 4D CAD exporting in same formatReduce 3D theoretical account making clip.Better the rendition capableness of 3D theoretical account in 4D CAD.Integrate building cost and material information, constitutes to 5D CAD, so nD CAD system.To better the characteristics of 4D technique need researcher in Significant geographic expedition and research. Some organisations such as CIFE and ARUP are get downing to develop 4D CAD in use in building.6. BIM VS 4D ModelingEverett M. Rogers ( 1962 ) classified clients as follows: Pioneers. Those who like to be first to have the latest merchandises. These consumers predominate at the beginning of the merchandise life rhythm. Early adoptive parents. Those who are unfastened to new thoughts, but like to wait a piece after initial launch. These consumers predominate during the growing stage of the PLC. Early bulk. Those who buy once the merchandise is exhaustively tested and tested. These consumers predominate in the early portion of adulthood stage of PLC. Late bulk. Those who are leery of new things, and wait until most other people already have one. These consumers predominate in the ulterior portion of the adulthood stage of PLC. Dawdlers. Those who merely adopt new merchandises when it becomes perfectly necessary to make so. These consumers predominate in the diminution stage of PLC.7. SummaryMention:Gray, C & A ; Hughes, W ( 2001 ) Building Design Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.Winch, G. M. ( 2002 ) Pull offing Construction Projects. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.Lester, E.I.A. ( 2007 ) Project Management, Planning and Control. 5th edn. Oxford: Buttcrworth-Heincmann.Lazarus, D. & A ; Clifton, R. 2001. Pull offing Project Change: a best patterns guide. London: CIRIALiu, J. ( 2005 ) Construction Project Management information Developing Problems. China: Journal of Modern Information. 25 ( 11 ) . pp.202-206Liu, J.J. ( 2007 ) How to Tighten up Project Information Management of the Building Engineering Enterprise.china: diary of Anhui Architecture. 2007 ( 6 ) . pp.230-232Maher, M.L. ( 2000 ) Understanding practical design studios. London: Springer. Pp.48-50Kymmell, W. ( 2008 ) Constructing information mold: planning and pull offing building undertakings with 4D CAD and simulations. New York: McGraw-Hill.Wilkinson, P. ( 2005 ) Construction Collaboration Technologies: The Extranet Revolution. London: Taylor & A ; Francis.BIW Technologies ( no day of the month ) Document Management [ online ] . [ citation on 1 January 2010 ]