The French and Indian War free essay sample

Causes, Consequences, and Resolution BY Tomahawked In 1754, a war among Britain and France with their Indian partners broke out in North America that came to be known as The French and Indian War. The war finished in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris. The French and Indian War made pressure between Great Britain and the American settlements politically through the extension of outskirts, financially through extraordinary assessments, and Ideologically through tax collection without representation.The development of the fringes of the English domain through the Treaty of Paris made a strain between the provinces political relations with Great Britain. After the war in 1763 (Doc. An) English settlements overwhelmed the North American mainland. The new land the pilgrims controlled prompted the declaration of 1763 that kept pioneers from settling to far west. The Indians thought the pilgrims reserved no privilege to settle (Doc. B). This was Great Britains resolve to forestall further clash with the effectively infuriated Native Americans. We will compose a custom article test on The French and Indian War or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Pioneers were Infuriated by the Proclamation since they believed they merited the land for battling and biting the dust close by British regulars, and accepted they had been precluded from securing their entitlement to be free (Doc. E). Another consequence of the war was Britains incredible obligation, in which they needed to settle by putting charges on normal things in the provinces. The Stamp Act and Tea Act were two instances of assessments Britain put on the settlers that prompted political unrest.The development of English domain was not by any means the only purpose for frontier distress, extreme tax assessment likewise replenished a significant part In straying the connection between Great Britain and its states. After the war British soldiers were still positioned in North America, bringing about gigantic obligation (Doc. F). Overwhelming tax collection made it close to difficult to make a benefit by sending out and bringing in any merchandise. The Stamp Act was the assessment demonstration that set a considerable lot of the settlements over the edge. Benjamin Franklin, one of the most significant and regarded homesteaders of the time said the Stamp demonstration should have been canceled at the earliest opportunity (Doc.G). The pioneers utilized boycotting as their weapon and rehearsed non-establishment and non-outcry, along these lines hurting the economy In both Great Brutal and the states. The development of English domain, extraordinary tax assessment, just as imposing taxes without any political benefit caused strain between the provinces and their homeland. The homesteaders battling in the war close by the British acknowledged they didn't have indistinguishable rights from their British accomplices. A Massachusetts trooper composed, We are suspended Englishman freedom (Doc. D). TLS was one case of the pioneers previously feeling a feeling of inequality.Taxation without portrayal was the primary wellspring of strain among the states and Great Britain. The pioneers felt that they reserved no privilege to be burdened severally with no state in the British Parliament; this thought would in the long run lead to war. The French and Indian War Is maybe the main source of the American prompted provincial hatred towards Britain. The French and Indian War not just adjusted the political, financial, and ideological relations among the provinces and Great Britain, yet changed the whole history of the world

Strategies firms can use when entering foreign markets

Techniques firms can utilize when entering remote markets Remote assembling: Under specific conditions, numerous associations think that its unseemly to disseminate their residential items to outside business sectors. Moving enormous items is consistently costly consequently numerous organizations produce their items near the market.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Strategies firms can utilize when entering outside business sectors explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, custom charges can likewise make the items to be less serious. A country’s inclination for their privately created products can keep an association from entering an outside market (Benjamin, 2006). Different components like accessibility of prepared market, less creation costs and budgetary inspiration can make a business association produce its items in the outside market. Amassing: This is the collaboration among sending out and remote creation. Associations locally produce parts of its items and transport them to rem ote markets where they are amassed as a last item. This system is financially savvy as organizations will go through less cash in moving the segments and paying for the custom duties. Besides, neighborhood laborers can be utilized to facilitate the amalgamation of organizations in the outside market. Permitting: This is another fitting technique utilized by various organizations when entering a remote market. The system isn't just viewed as less hazardous, yet in addition includes bigger assignments for local makers. There is a slight distinction among authorizing and diversifying. In diversifying, organizations will in general participate in the turn of events and the board of the showcasing plan. A worldwide permitting firm furnishes the licensee with patent rights on products. Therefore, the licensee will have the option to make the licensor’s items and market them inside a given limit (Yenne, 2005). Outside open specialists incline toward this sort of understanding since it accompanies various mechanical headways into their nation. On the other hand, this system can just work for a brief length of time on the grounds that numerous remote organizations will in general beginning their own creation subsequent to getting the ability. Joint endeavors: Foreign joint endeavors are like authorizing aside from that the majority of the universal organizations in joint endeavors are associated with the administration of remote firms. At the point when a remote organization structures association with the nation of origin firm, another association is constantly shaped. Subsequently, universal organizations are ready to deal with their tasks, yet in addition get significant data on the nearby market. Moreover, a universal organization won't be in danger of being taken.Advertising Looking for report on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strategy utilized by Intel in their worldwi de development Intel is a universal organization with its base camp in America. Also, the organization is viewed as one of the main makers of motherboard chipset around the globe. Intel Corporation utilized joint endeavor technique to go into different outside business sectors. For example, the organization had the option to frame a joint business venture (IM Flash Technologies) with Micron Technology. IM Flash Technologies produces streak recollections which can be utilized as separable stockpiles (Alkhafaji, 2001). Thusly, this gave them a more extensive market. They are likewise ready to viably contend in the neighborhood and universal market with different organizations creating comparable items. Technique utilized by McDonalds in their worldwide development McDonalds significantly utilized diversifying methodology to go into outside business sectors. In this way, they have figured out how to extend their tasks to roughly 120 nations comprehensively. The organization has set up arrangements which the franchisees are required to obey in their café the board. For example, McDonalds expect their franchisees to follow their menu, cooking methods and staffing rules individually. Subsequently, this structures a huge segment of McDonalds fruitful procedure. They have likewise decreased their operational expenses while expanding their benefits. Technique utilized by Goya is a food creating organization with branches in numerous nations including America and Spain. It utilizes outside assembling system to go into the serious neighborhood and universal markets. Consequently, they have had the option to diminish their transportation costs in this manner making a ton of benefit (Miltenburg, 2005). For example, they had recently developed a multimillion dissemination focus in Doral (Florida). From here, they can fabricate their items and disseminate them locally to their clients. Technique utilized by Boeing is a global aviation and guard organization. This organizati on utilized joint endeavor system to enter in different outside business sectors. Along with Aviation Industries Corporation, they shaped Tianjin Composites Company. Thus, they have gotten significant data with respect to china’s neighborhood showcase. System utilized by Coca-Cola Company Coca-cola Company utilized gathering methodology during their worldwide development. The organization move a portion of their incomplete items like syrup to outside business sectors. Subsequently, the remainder of the work (production of compartments and expansion of water) is finished by neighborhood bottle organizations (Tielmann, 2010).Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Strategies firms can utilize when entering outside business sectors explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Strategy utilized by Nokia in their worldwide development Nokia prevailing with regards to wandering into remote market through the utilization of gathering technique. The organization has get together plants in different nations including Finland and Mexico. Nokia and Siemens likewise utilized a joint endeavor procedure to go into outside business sectors. For example, they had the option to frame Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN) as their joint business undertaking. Organization which has encountered a development of procedures Coca-Cola Company has encountered a headway of techniques since it began its venture into the remote market. Because of appeal, the organization chose to change from amassing methodology to outside assembling technique. Rather than shipping their incomplete items, Coca-Cola Company has set up firms in different nations where they can fabricate their own items. Thus, this was done to decrease high vehicle costs. References Alkhafaji, A. F. (2001). Corporate change and rebuilding: A key methodology. Westport, Conn: Quorum Books. Benjamin, L. K. (2006). Market passage procedures of outside Telecom organizations in India. Wiesbaden: Dt. Univ. Ver l. Miltenburg, J. (2005). Assembling procedure: How to detail and execute a triumphant arrangement. New York: Productivity Press. Tielmann, V. (2010). Market Entry Strategies: International Marketing Management. Muìˆnchen: GRIN Verlag GmbH. Yenne, B. (2005). The tale of the Boeing organization. St. Paul, MN: Zenith Press.Advertising Searching for report on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More

Work Ethic Definition Elements of a Strong Work Ethic

Work Ethic Definition Elements of a Strong Work Ethic © Shutterstock.com | OllyyIn this article, youll learn 1) the work ethic definition, 2) why work ethic is super important, 3) the work ethics that are in high demand in businesses, and 4) how to develop a strong work ethic.WORK ETHIC DEFINITIONWhat is Work Ethic, and its Purpose?In its simplest definition, a system of moral principles is called ethics. They affect how people lead their lives, for life is an unbroken stream of decision-making and ethics are concerned with what is the right moral choice, for individuals and for society. This is also known as a moral philosophy. The etymology of ethics is derived from the Greek word ethos, meaning habit, custom, disposition or character.Ethics are therefore concerned with these sorts of moral decision: how to live an ethical life, rights and responsibilities, right and wrong language, what is good and bad and so on. Contemporary notions of ethics have been handed on from philosophy, religions, and global cultures. Ethics are debated in topics such as human rights, right to life, and professional behavior.In a business, an ethical code is a defined set of principles which guide an organization in its activities and decisions and the firm’s philosophy may affect its productivity, reputation, and bottom line.Among staff ethical behavior ensures work is completed with integrity and honesty and staff that are ethical adhere to policies and rules while working to meet the aims of the enterprise. An ethically positive, healthy work culture enhances morale among employees.Work Ethic Definition and MeaningTraditionally, work ethic has been understood as a value based on hard work and diligence. Capitalists, for example, believe in the necessity of working hard and in consequential ability of enhancing one’s character. Socialists suggest that a concept of hard work is deluding the working class into being loyal workers of the elite; and working hard, in itself, is not necessarily an honorable thing, but simply a way to create greater wealth for those at the summit of the economic pyramid.These values have been challenged and characterized as submissive to social convention and authority, and not meaningful in and of itself, but only if a positive result accrues. An alternative perception suggests that the work ethic is now subverted in a broader, and readily marketed-to society. This perspective has given us the phrase work smart.In recent times, many say that a work ethic is now obsolete and that it is no true any longer that working more means producing more, or even that more production leads to a better life… this is, of course, not to be confused with quality productivity.Here is one of the views about work ethic from Will Smith and how important it is where Will says (about 2:00 during the interview):Ive never viewed myself as particularly talented. Where I excel is ridiculous sickening work ethic IMPORTANCE OF WORK ETHICThose with a strong work ethic have inculcated principles that guide them in their work behavior. This leads them to consistent higher productivity, without any prodding that many require to stay on track. Therefore, whether staff are naturally this way or need be trained, if possible, into such an attitude is determined by the managers.Productive WorkIndividuals with a good work ethic are usually very productive people who work at a faster pace. They regularly accomplish more work, more quickly than those who lack a work ethic, for they do not quit until the work which they are tasked is completed. At least in part, this is also due to the fact that they wish to appear to be stronger employees, and thus, they wish to appear to be of more benefit to their managers and the company.CooperationCooperative work can be highly beneficial in a business entity, individuals with a good work ethic know this well. They understand the usefulness of cooperation, e.g., teamwork they often put an extensive amount of effort into working well with others.Such peopl e usually respect company authority enough to cooperate with anyone else with whom they are paired, in a polite and productive way, even if the individuals in question are not so ethically inclined.Ethics in Organizational CultureEmployers, executives and employees, all adhering to an ethics code stimulate an ethical work culture. Business leaders must lead by exhibiting the behavior they wish to see in employees.Reinforce ethical conduct by rewarding employees who show the integrity and values that coincide with company policy, and discipline those who make the wrong ethical decisions. Positive ethics culture improves morale in a business, plus it may increase productivity and employee retention which cuts the costs of employee churning, consequentially financially benefitting an organization as improved productivity improves company efficiency.BASIC WORK ETHIC FOR AN ORGANISATIONIdeally, the policies a business operates with are compassion, fairness, honor, responsibility, and int egrity. One of the best ways to communicate organizational ethics is by training employees about company standards. Basic work ethics for any organization should include:Uniform rules and regulations: An ethical organizational example is the common treatment of all staff, i.e., with the same respect, regardless of race, culture, religion, or lifestyle, with equal chances for promotion. Therefore, small company managers should desist from favoring any one employee, for it can lead to lawsuits and is also highly counterproductive.Communication of the rules and regulation to all employees: Company policies must be clearly communicated to each employee with a transparency at all levels of the hierarchy. Employees are the spine of all organizations and should have a say in the goals and objectives of a firm.Respect for Employees: Respect employees and in return receive the same. Regulations should not be so rigid, and therefore, don’t expect staff to attend work two days before a marri age. If somebody is not well, don’t ask them to attend office unless or until there’s an emergency.Allow a degree of freedom to employees without constant micro-management: Key roles of responsibility need to be established on the first day of joining with responsibilities commensurate with a person’s expertise. Employees should be inducted into training if needed.Clear cut salary and promotion policy: Employees crib if they are underpaid. Make sure they get what is deserved and decided in the presence of the person. A major attrition factor is a poor appraisal, promotion prospects are ideally based on merit, not favor. Clarity is crucial.Clear and uniform holiday schedule: It is the responsibility of human resource professionals to prepare the holiday calendar at the beginning of the year and circulate the same among all employees.Effects of Work Ethics within an organization: Preferably a workplace ethic culture will ensure that employers guide and mentor staff appropriately while management treats all as equal. Transparency is essential.How Leadership ethics and Employee ethics can impact the organization: Owner and executive level accountability is a vital function of leadership. Executives, as equally as employees, are expected to be honest and transparent. Organizations need to abide by ethical norms; all of which benefit the consumer, the society and the firm.What are the core ethical elements that define the ethics of an organization: There are at least four elements that aim to create an ethical behavioral culture of employees within an organization.A written code of ethics and standards (ethical code).Ethics training for executives, managers, and employees.The availability of ethical situational advice (i.e. advice lines or offices).A confidential reporting system.HOW TO DEVELOP STRONG WORK ETHICThe employment market is now so competitive that if one doesn’t have a positive work ethic, then employers do not bat an eyelid about looking for som eone who meets their firm’s requirement.As a positive work ethic is vital to a business success, then each person from the CEO to new staff, must inculcate this to keep the company functioning optimally. Get to work promptly, arriving late always starts a workday badly, and signals that you are not committed. Take into consideration traffic, weather and so on and leave home to reach on time. Take responsibility for your actions, which includes being punctual.Step 1: Be professional about your workProfessionalism is beyond a clean shirt, for it includes one’s values, attitude, and demeanor. Practice being cordial and positive while refraining from gossip. Knowing how to communicate constructively and positively, while respecting the feelings of others is an invaluable tool. Respect others and develop a reputation for having integrity, meaning honesty, fairness, and consistency in what you do and say.Reliability and honesty: Work ethic is more than completing long hours for its fo undation is integrity. To develop integrity, one can:Act the same when people are not watching you, as when they are.Perform consistently at the same level of quality. Be conscientious. Be honest in all things.Honesty isn’t a business policy, it is a state of mind.Deliver best outputs: A work ethic is fundamental to success at anything, plus it makes you a valuable employee. For career advancement this is more important than ever before. In work assignments strive to exceed expectations by paying attention to details and making the quality of work your central priority. Everyone can work fast, but few will deliver best quality outputs with few mistakes.Keep everything in an organized method like a good file system for documents (both soft and hard copy), so you can retrieve these easily to get on with the essential tasks. All of us have times when we are more productive, some in the early morning, some later at night. Identify and schedule the difficult work to be completed in tho se periods.Be consistent in delivering good quality work and earn good reputation: Everything worthwhile accomplishing requires discipline. Remain focused on a long-term goal while avoiding getting side-tracked by a short-term gratification. To be persistent and able to follow through on assignments… Train yourself.However productive you may be, there is always an opportunity to increase one’s level of quality work. Effectiveness means doing the work that matters. Be effective first, then become efficient. Efficient is achieving improved output in less time. There is no point in becoming efficient at doing that non-value added work.Step 2: Manage your timeKnow your strength and weaknesses (including potential distractions, so you can avoid them):  Evaluate work. Identifying one’s weaknesses and making a plan to improve these areas builds a stronger work ethic. One way of evaluating this is to create a list summarizing the skills and requirements of your work, and the strengths and weaknesses. Be honest about weaknesses, and what it is that distracts you â€" this is step one in learning to manage those weaknesses.Distractions are everywhere Twitter, Facebook, TV, mobile, etc. Complete these before arriving at work for a no-distraction period. Turn off the internet and see how you start doing work in due time. Ditch the unimportant. If the work is nice-to-do but not need-to-do. Stop it.Accelerate becoming a more productive employee by regularly visualizing yourself as channeled toward higher accomplishments. Vision yourself as highly efficient and feed the subconscious mind with this vision until it is accepted as a command. The individual that you ‘‘vision”, is the individual that you become. Lastingly successful people have one common denominator: they focus on strengths and manage around any weaknessesSet yourself deadlines for delivering even small tasks: Being able to complete your tasks and finish what you start, is an essential part of charac ter building. You cannot imagine a fully mature, fully functioning person who is unable to finish what she begins. The development of this habit is the key to long-term success. Don’t waste time by doing stuff that is not important? Constantly evaluate to check which things absolutely must get done.Prioritize tasks and set the most important ones in the morning: Complete projects and tasks immediately. A trademark behavior of a worker with a poor work ethic is delaying work until another day, which usually only leads to an incomplete or late project.Avoid procrastination: Procrastinating is a great waste. Imagine all that could be accomplished by eliminating procrastination from this moment on. To overcome procrastination, first realize that it’s not the real issue. Procrastination, laziness, bad time management, or lack of discipline, are merely symptoms of the issue. The real reason is beneath this. You can also use the Pomodoro technique to avoid procrastination.Avoid negativ e talk and gossip: Keep the lazy, the negative minded, and the unproductive, at arm’s length, for it’s a psychological prison. Associate with ambitious, hard-working people, and soon count yourself amongst them.Provide feedback that improves situations and builds people up.Be an active listener and keep an open mind.Step 3: Keep a balance and deliver consistent high performance workDo sport, sleep well, and socialize: Play is best when it’s earned, equally sleep. Earn sleep by working hard on one’s goals in the day. A good work ethic isn’t just being glued to a computer. It is also understanding how to take care with decent sleep, and eating nutritiously. Take time to relax and recharge while keeping priorities in your life clear, helps maintain a good perspective at work.Step 4: Develop good work habitsSteer the self-development path towards choosing to be an employee with a strong ethic, after all, creating a habit for oneself is really a question of being an action-mind ed person. The ‘doing component’ flows easily when embracing the ‘being part.’Create and learn habits: Values to inculcate and habitualize:Valuing punctuality and attendance.Valuing time, orderliness, neatness, and speed.Working smarter but not harder; being psychologically self-employed.Playing an internal game of working, yet enjoying the importance of relaxation and rest.Do it now habit: Never leave ‘till tomorrow what can be accomplished today.’ Good ethics habitualize both attitude, action, and inevitably consequence: how you do, what you do this moment.The initiative habit â€" positivity.The main cause of poor productivity and self-sabotage is procrastination, for many reasons, including the perceptions that a task is unpleasant, may lead to negative consequences, or is overwhelming.Cultivate flexibility.Do it right habit: A disciplined habit makes a difference in the long term. Don’t try to break bad habits. Alternatively, choose preferable substitutes that you move forward to, in place of the old ones.Other good habits:Concentration is the ability to stay on a task until it is completed, by working in a straight line to get from where one is, without distraction or diversion, to the destination, i.e., completion of the work.Get off to a good start.Clean up and get organized.Plan activities.Streamline work and emphasize the important work.Concentrate on one work task at a time until completion.Work steadily.Make smart use of technology.Be in control of office paper, work in-basket, and e-mail.Multitask on routine matters.Make better use of time.Don’t forget to create some quiet, uninterrupted time!CORE ELEMENTS OF A STRONG WORK ETHICIt is difficult to define the elements of good work ethics, as it is such an individualistic approach and thinking. What may be good work ethics for me may not be the same for you. Much depends upon how each organization or person looks at work ethics and the moral values that each follows. What moral values you practice in daily life will define your attitude towards work and your work ethics. But there are a few common elements that are universally followed and employers look for it in their employees.Honesty: This is the core element of work ethics, all the other elements are based upon your honesty. Be honest about your successes and failures, take credit only where due, do not steal other’s works or ideas, and own up to your failures.Integrity: Do not let people down, try to fulfill your commitments, and be consistent in your thoughts, action and behavior.Impartiality/Fairness: Be fair to all, do not practice favoritism. Treat everyone as equals.Alertness: Be aware of what is happening around and keep an eye on things.Openness: Share your ideas, results and resources with the other team members, so that everyone has the same opportunity and know what you are doing. Being secretive is counterproductive.Respect for others: No matter how urgent a deadline or heated that tempers bec ome, remain diplomatic and poised and show grace under pressure. Whether serving a client, meeting a customer or meeting with management, do the best to respect other’s opinions, even in stressful circumstances. It shows one values other’s individual worth and professional contribution.Reliability and Dependability: Means being punctual for work and meetings, delivering assignments within budget and on schedule. Be reliable about keeping promises for reputation precedes one so  that clients, customers, and colleagues do trust in you to do all that you say you will â€" everyone appreciates the stability this embodies.Determination: Obstacles cannot stop you as they are a challenge to be overcome. Embrace challenges positively and know that your role is to solve problems with purpose and resilience. Push on, no matter how far it is necessary to go.Dedication: Continue until the job is complete, and delivered. “It’s good enough” is not sufficient for you and the team, as you aim to be outstanding in content and quality. Put in the extra hours to get things right by attending to detail and excellence.Accountability: Accept responsibility personally for one’s actions and outcomes in all situations, plus avoid excuses when work does not proceed as planned â€" admitting mistakes or oversights are used as a learning curve and will not be repeated again. Employers expect employees to attain to high standards, and they should fully support staff who accept responsibility, instead of passing the buck.Confidentiality: Any confidential information of documents you have should remain confidential. You cannot discuss it or show it to anyone else, other than the people authorized to do so.Responsibility: Take responsibility for your thoughts, actions, behavior and work.Legality: Always work within the legal boundaries, do not break or twist the law to fit your agenda.Competence: Improve your performance and competence by constantly learning and including the new l earning into your work.Professionalism: From how one dresses and presents oneself in the business world, to how others are treated, professionalism is such a very broad category that it encompasses all the elements of a work ethic.Humility: Acknowledge other’s contribution, and share credit for successes. You have integrity and are open to learning from mentors and others, even as you teach via your action, example, and words. Though you take the work seriously, you are also maintaining a sense of humor about yourself.Initiative: Do not be afraid to put forth your ideas or volunteer for work.These days a work ethics is important in many situations. It is a skill that can be learned by every person and has so often proved to be the path of success for many. All businesses give a higher regard to an ethical employee, and hiring staff with positive ethics is appreciated around the world.Simply stating that I have a good work ethic is not the way to demonstrate it to an employer. Donâ €™t provide generic, wishy-washy utterings, allow the employer to visualize your ethic by defining how they are incorporated in your accomplishments, without condition.CONCLUSIONToday the notion of ethics is extremely widespread. They are an important part of our personal and our working life. With a positive work ethic, individuals can become more focused and responsible regarding their work. The individual can also cultivate a sense of achievement, and this too, has positive effects on their career development, and also on the culture and productivity within the enterprise.If one is able to successfully demonstrate a positive work ethic, then you are sure to get the job you are being interviewed for, retain your position or be expectant regarding a promotion. However, it’s crucial to cognise what constitutes an ideal work ethics before answering the question.As we have seen, ethics are fundamentally the modus operandi of activity and any work or task where one keeps in mind the synergy and harmony of coworkers involved which is simply one’s demeanor with respect to others, and towards work.Ethics in the work environment means those positive facets that accumulatively, define the staff of a company, e.g. Integrity, determination, dedication, initiative and so on. If asked about your ethics, then speak about how you implement them in your work and that being in a job that satisfies you, ensures that you are productive in your current job performance.

Rhetorical Analysis of Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience”

AP Language Rhetorical Analysis of Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience† Directions: Read â€Å"Civil Disobedience.† As you read, underline examples of Thoreau using rhetorical devices and identify and explain the devices via annotation. Answer questions 1-4 to prepare for further work with a small group. The group will work together on questions 5 through 8. Be ready to explain your answers to the whole class. Even when you’re working as a group you should be writing the answers. 1. Based on your reading of â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† what kind of person does Henry David Thoreau seem to be? How would you characterize his state of mind and emotion as he composed this essay? Cite specific examples from the text to support your claims about†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ 2) the narration would offer background material on the case at hand †¢ 3) the partition would divide the case and make clear which part or parts the speaker was going to address, which parts the speaker would not take up and what order would be followed in the development †¢ 4) the confirmation would offer points to substantiate the argument and provide reasons, details, illustrations, and examples in support †¢ 5) the refutation would consider possible objections to the argument and try to counter these †¢ 6) the peroration would draw together the entire argument and include material designed to compel the audience to think or act in a way related to the cent ral argument a. Is there some section that clearly lets the reader know what subject the composition is about and what the writer’s purpose is? If so, where does this section begin and end? In this section, can you find an answer to the central question that the text has been written in response to, or can you find an indication of the text’s central argument? b. Is there a part that explains any background information that the reader needs to know in order to be able to understand the answer to the central question or argument that the composition offers? If so, where does this section begin and end? c. Is there some sentence or paragraph that focuses the reader’s attention on some particular issues, aspect, or theme that the paper examines asShow MoreRelatedHenry David Thoreau1930 Words   |  8 Pagescultivation of individual truth despite society’s state, and the intrinsic goodness of nature, were of great interest to Thoreau. Emerson’s values as well as his â€Å"friendship [were] a significant influence on Thoreaus writing and philosophy† (â€Å"Thoreau...† West’s). Transcendentalism became a focus of Thoreau’s work, especially in his philosophical pursuit and societal experimentation in Walden. Thoreau proved to be more than a writer-- his personal values led him to becoming â€Å"an abolitionist and one of the

Knowledge The Key to Mankind Evolving Essay examples

I am not interested. This is the most dangerous sentence anyone could utter. Not only does it convey a lack of curiosity, but it also displays a complete disregard to better oneself by absorbing knowledge that could be of major help later in life. Most knowledge one holds comes from someone that was wiser and more intelligent or from life experiences. By these men and women passing on their knowledge, they not only ensure that their legacy could live on, but that the knowledge of mankind is secure and evolving. Many times in life exceptional people feel overwhelmed by the weight of their various activities and responsibilities. It is in these times that people are often inclined to take the easier path and simply do as little as†¦show more content†¦What ever happened to keeping an open mind? What happened to becoming as knowledgeable as one can be? It seems these days students are urged younger and younger to determine a career path. Students often become overly preoccupied about what they are going to do in life, and they cannot slow down long enough to decide what they want to do and what interests them. Now, what does one do when the decision has been made? Should the student simply focus on that one aspect of life or career path? Of course not, there is so much to learn and so much to experience; it would be outrageous to focus on one thing at such a young age. If everyone always responded with I am not interested, no one would ever find his or her passion. Imagine a child, destined to become an Olympic gold medalist in track, turning down his middle school track coach because he was too busy with other activities. This child missed the opportunity of a lifetime because he failed to keep an open mind and make the most of his opportunities. Of course, there is a limit; people can only do so much. However, focusing one thing in life and merely dropping interest in everything else can be extremely limiting. One should always keep an open mind. Knowledge is an immeasurable asset in the world today. Many of the greatest and most well known people in history have been the most knowledgeable of their time. They kept an open mind and never rejected an interestingShow MoreRelatedHuman Primates And Human Primate1661 Words   |  7 Pagesstory. As Ayla is different from the clan, she was able to adapt and learned the clan customs easily even surpassing what the clan knowledge. This is relatable to the Evolutionary Theory of evolving naturally, signs of learning and teaching was shown in this story. However, there were questions on the religious aspect of the movie and understanding the development of mankind, maybe could have been more than the Evolutionary Theory. 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Creatine and Improved Athletic Performance Benefits, Risks, and Regulation Free Essays

Kaitlyn Paul Ani Govjian English 105 2 October 2012 Creatine and Improved Athletic Performance: Benefits, Risks, and Regulation Abstract Creatine, being a natural building block in fast twitch muscle energy supply, can also be used by athletes as a supplement to increase muscular performance. It can be classified by many athletic associations as a muscle building supplement, much like anabolic steroids, and these associations take that into account when generating use policies for competition. However, there are many risks associated with such use: organ failures, blood clots, and a reduction of the effectiveness of natural creatine stores within the body. We will write a custom essay sample on Creatine and Improved Athletic Performance: Benefits, Risks, and Regulation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The lack of regulation on such supplements also presents the risks of contamination and reactions with other substance ingested simultaneously as well as separately. The implications of creatine supplement use have not been fully developed and further research needs to be conducted to improve the limited knowledge base of the complete function of this complex substance in order to protect the safety of the athletes using them. Key Terms Creatine, phosphocreatine, type II (fast twitch) muscle fibers, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), ATP (Adenosine-5-triphosphate), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), nutritional supplements Introduction Performance enhancing drugs have been used and abused in sports for as far back as historians can remember. One such substance, creatine, could be considered the non-steroidal anabolic steroid. Use of this supplement has spiked and has spread across various athletic disciplines. While creatine most definitely contributes to muscle performance in athletes, not enough research and regulation to fully consider it safe or even to understand its effects on the body have occurred. Creatine and Improved Athletic Performance Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acid that is produced in the pancreas, liver, and kidneys and is used as an energy source for the body’s skeletal muscles. It is also ingested with the consumption of meats and fish (Creatine Supplements 2011). The body reserves this substance and converts it into phosphocreatine which is stored within the muscles for later use. Phosphocreatine is then converted into ATP (Adenosine-5-triphosphate) when the cells within type II or â€Å"fast twitch† muscle fibers call upon it during brief, high intensity exercise such as sprints or bounds (Jenkins 1998). Using a supplement to increase creatine levels within the body has become widely popular among athletes as it increases strength and helps build lean muscle mass during exercises that utilize type II muscle fibers (Ehrlich 2011). However, due to its classification as a muscle building supplement, much like anabolic steroids, the NCAA prohibits the supply of creatine supplements to athletes by school officials of any kind (Greenwood 2008). Therefore, the athlete is responsible for the selection and consumption of creatine supplements should he/she decide to take them. Risks of Creatine Consumption Creatine promises benefits that are every athlete’s dream such as increased muscle mass and improved performance. However, research has indicated that there are some valid health concerns regarding creatine use that athletes may want to consider before deciding to ingest this particular supplement such as: renal and liver issues, blood pressure, and anterior compartment syndrome (Greenwood 2008). An increased risk of stroke can also be caused by the excessive use of creatine, especially when combined with commonly ingested substances such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen (Advil) and naproxen (Aleve) or caffeine (Ehrlich 2011). The long-term use of creatine can also prove to be dangerous to one’s health with side effects from muscle cramps to seizures, ranging in severity with length of exposure (Creatine Supplements 2011). Dosing and overuse are also important factors to be considered. With roughly 44% of high school senior athletes having reported using creatine in one particular study, it is evident that a large number of users have not yet reached adulthood (Creatine Supplements 2011). Although creatine has been through some research, there is none that has indicated its safety in users under the age of 19 which is the largest demographic of users that experience overdose (Ehrlich 2011). Because creatine occurs naturally with the consumption of meat products and production within the liver and kidneys from amino acids, when one supplements their diet with exogenous creatine, it slows the production of natural creatine thus increasing their need to take supplements and furthering the original issue (Jenkins 1998). Furthermore, the negative effects of creatine may be compounded by the other contents in the supplements. FDA Regulation of Supplements The Food and Drug Administration in the United States does not regulate the contents of nutritional supplements nor does it regulate/ensure proper labeling on product containers. The FDA simply requires reporting of adverse reactions to the contents of said supplements as they occur. Because of the lack of regulation from the FDA, any supplement, including creatine, could potentially contain substances harmful to the user as an athlete and/or as a human being (Jenkins 1998). For instance, there have been reports of contaminants within creatine such as dicyandiamide and dihydrotriazine, which are both microbiocides: substances that kill microbes or 90% of cells in the human body (Greenwood 2008). Further, since creatine is still mostly a mystery with regards to its effects on important organ systems and its effects when combined with commonly consumed substances such as energy drinks and over-the-counter drugs, ingesting it can prove to be extremely dangerous seeing as how a majority of Americans use these substances on a regular basis. Conclusion The use of creatine, though heavily encouraged by the demands of society on athletes to be stronger or faster than their competitors, has the potential to ruin an athlete’s career because of the multitude of risks. One may see the words â€Å"all natural† on a bottle and assume that creatine supplements are safe to consume, but athletes should be educated about the possible effects on his or her body and athletic career in the long run. Creatine needs to be banned in athletic competition and competitors need to be subject to testing like that of anabolic steroids until further research and innovations have been completed to ensure the integrity and safety of the product. The FDA needs to implement more restrictive regulations on supplements of any kind to reduce the possibility of contamination and/or improper labeling. There is no doubt that creatine had a multitude of effects based on its natural rigins within the body, but athletes, and people in general, need to be smart about what they put in their body and weigh the risks over the benefits. References Ehrlich S, reviewer. 2011. Creatine [Internet]. Baltimore, MD: University of Maryland Medical System; [cited 2012 Sept 13]. Available from: http://www. umm. edu/altmed/articles/creatine-000297. htm Greenwood M. 2008. Creatine overview: facts, fallacies, and future. Essentials of Creatine in Sports and Health. [Cited 2012 Sept 11]; 211-240. SpringerLink [Internet]. Springer, Part of Springer Science+Business Media. date unknown]. Available from: http://www. springerlink. com/content/p5x7536l76h55717/fulltext. pdf. System Requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader and subscription required for access. Jenkins MA, author. 1998. Creatine supplementation in athletes: review [Internet]. SportsMed Web; [cited 2012 Sept 11]. Available from: http://www. rice. edu/~jenky/sports/creatine. html Unknown, compiler/author. 2011. Creatine supplements [Internet]. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; [cited 2012 Sept 13]. Available from: http://orthoinfo. aaos. org/topic. cfm? topic=a00373 How to cite Creatine and Improved Athletic Performance: Benefits, Risks, and Regulation, Papers

Situational Analysis Teamwork Training

Question: Describe about the Situational Analysis for Teamwork Training? Answer: Self-Reflection Advantages of working as a team in St. Patricks Teamwork refers to an understanding among team members to achieve group goals (Rosenhauer, 2009). Teamwork helps in attaining synergy where people attain something beyond their capacities (Boller, 2005). There is a tendency of mutual support and review of ideas and views, which helps the team members to make decisions better, and preparing the peer members for the disruptive surprises. Teamwork helps in improvement that makes a person self-motivated creating positivity (Lussier and Achua, 2009,pp-282). The benefits of working in a team on the project of St. Patricks are: Clarity and increase in knowledge (Roussel, Swansburg and Swansburg, 2006) - The sharing of ideas among the team members Sheka and Happiness helped in creating a better vision of the objectives of the problem statement. The mission according to which the tasks conducted by team members were clearly defined. The activities carried on by Sheka and Happiness had proper planning stages that also helped in increase in knowledge. The fields in which I lacked knowledge were well defined by my teammates and they helped in enhancing it. Motivation (West, Tjosvold and Smith, 2003)- Team members have loyalty, commitment and effort that value motivation in an individual. My team members brought out excellence in my work, helped in growth by motivating me that helped me perform better. There was an innovation in ideas and opinions that could bring a about a positive change in the framework of St.Patricks. Attainability and development (West, 2012) - Team work helps in attaining the desired objectives of work. The work was divided in a way that every individual meets the goals while working together. There were a few challenges faced during the project of recruitment of administrative assistant. A series of things had sudden changes and did not exactly go as it was predicted. This gave the capability to adapt to the existing situation and developing ways out of it. Role as a leader managing conflicts Teamwork doesnt always involve co-operative relationships (Michaelsen, Knight and Fink, 2002). Where there is a difference in opinions and ideas, there are conflicts (Cloke and Goldsmith, 2005). Conflicts are not necessarily negative, but as a leader, there needs to be an integration to resolve the difficulties (Kelly, 1998,pp-8). Following steps were framed for conflict resolution: Expression of ideas of each member Justification of their ideas Listening to areas of agreement Brainstorming solutions that would meet the common interest Agree to the solutions being implemented (Deutsch and Coleman, 2000) There wasnt a leader in the group, but I took the initiative in managing conflicts I adhered to the above-mentioned steps by not hurting any members feelings and foster each other. An autocratic leadership style wasnt followed but a democratic style as suited for the situation. Following an autocratic style isnt likely with the people of same academic groups. There were situations when no person would arrive at a planned meeting, but I handled such situations with great care and endurance. Nothing good could happen by dominating others; it would just worsen the situation and increase conflicts. The benefit by negotiating pitfalls and arriving at a joint decision in a group is more important. Another difficulty faced was timeliness. People were late with their work assigned to them, which led to wastage of resources. Also, there was a difference in opinions and cultures that had to be resolved with tolerance. Effectiveness of the team in achieving goals An effective performance of a team is attained by following a series of steps (Tseng, 2008, pp-42). Define Groups Goals- Establishment of goals and responsibility of each team member was well defined. There was clarity of work divided among members to achieve group goals. Effective Communication- There was a two-way communication among team members where ideas and views were welcomed and feedback was provided. Leadership participation- A democratic leadership was followed rather than autocratic. The views of team members were taken into consideration. Decision-making and implementation- After enlisting the expressions and views of other members, a decision was arrived at. On the basis of the decision that was just and common interest of the goal, decisions were implemented. Any changes to be made were executed and followed effectively. Resolving Conflicts- During the process of achievement of goals, there were certain conflicts like time-management, lack of responsibility that was very well taken over. Conflicts were given a positive result by working on it. Evaluation Of Role Within Team On the basis of performance and potential matrix, the meetings and overall performance was successful. Work was divided on the basis on skills and requirement. Happiness and Sheka lacked motivation that affected their working potential. I could be a better leader by motivating them to do better. There was a lack of confidence seen in them and they werent expressing their views too openly. Sheka needs more awareness about the task and conversation going around. I could have been a better speaker that could keep him attentive at all times. Assessment of Performance And Development Needs Performance Potential Matrix Skills audit and performance potential matrix is a competence based system that assesses workforce skill levels. The information helps in improving the organization by training and development required. (Fletcher, 2000,pp-33). Performance Potential Matrix for Sheka Scoring Scale: 1-4. Scoring key: 1=needs improvement, 2=Satisfactory, 3= good, 4=excellent.( Interpretation for model positioning: 1-2=low, 3-4=high). 1. Performance (factors relating to team role-assess in detail as required, or import the skills audit). Indicators Further Explanations Score 1.1 Job Skills Literacy (2) - Sheka needs improvement in his reading and writing skills. Numeracy (3) - He has a quick aptitude with calculations and mathematics 2- Satisfactory 4- Excellent 1.2Technical Knowledge Team Management (3) - Has a good working knowledge about project Leadership (3) - Possesses leadership quality but loses patience sometimes. 3- Good 3- Good 1.3 Attitude Ethical and enthusiastic (3)- Possesses a good personality and is aware of task 4- Excellent 1.4 Commitment and Flexibility Punctual and completed work within time period. Adapts to new situations (3). 3- Good 1.5 Effectiveness and results Executes the task given to him efficiently (3) 4- Excellent 1.6 Working Relationships Established good relationship with team members (3) 2- Satisfactory Performance Total (up to and including 12 = low; 13 and over = high) 19- High performance, highly motivated. 2. Potential Clear evidence of existing or developing [Factors stated below] required team role. 2.1 Capabilities Low performance: Many things cropped up at the same time 2- Satisfactory 2.2 Knowledge High performance: Is interactive and has good working knowledge 4- Excellent 2.3 Attitude Behaviour High performance: Disciplined and friendly nature 3- Good 2.4 Commitment and flexibility High performance: Timeliness and adaptability 2- Satisfactory 2.5Srategic Awareness Low performance: Knowing what is happening in the task 1- Needs improvement 2.6 Working Relationships High performance: a good listener 4- Excellent Potential total(up to and including 12 = low; 13 and over = high) 16- He is a good performer, just needs to be aware and increase the working knowledge on her subject. Performance Potential Matrix for Happiness Scoring Scale: 1-4. Scoring key: 1=needs improvement, 2=Satisfactory, 3= good, 4=excellent.( Interpretation for model positioning: 1-2=low, 3-4=high). 1. Performance (factors relating to team role-assess in detail as required, or import the skills audit). Indicators Further explanation Score 1.1 Job Skills Literacy (3) - Happiness needs improvement in his reading and writing skills. Numeracy (3) - He has a quick aptitude with calculations and mathematics 4- Excellent 4- Excellent 1.2Technical Knowledge Team Management (3) - Has a good working knowledge about project Leadership (3) - Possesses leadership quality but loses patience sometimes. 3- Good 3- Good 1.3 Attitude Ethical and enthusiastic (3)- Possesses a good personality and is aware of task 3- Good 1.4 Commitment and Flexibility Punctual and completed work within time period. Adapts to new situations (3). 3- Good 1.5 Effectiveness and results Executes the task given to him efficiently (3) 4- Excellent 1.6 Working Relationships Established good relationship with team members (3) 3-Good Performance Total (up to and including 12 = low; 13 and over = high) 19- High performance, highly motivated. 2. Potential Clear evidence of existing or developing [Factors stated below] required team role. 2.1 Capabilities Low performance: Many things cropped up at the same time 2- Satisfactory 2.2 Knowledge High performance: Is interactive and has good working knowledge 4- Excellent 2.3 Attitude Behaviour High performance: Disciplined and friendly nature 3- Good 2.4 Commitment and flexibility High performance: Timeliness and adaptability 2- Satisfactory 2.5Srategic Awareness Low performance: Knowing what is happening in the task 1- Needs improvement 2.6 Working Relationships High performance: a good listener 4- Excellent Potential total(up to and including 12 = low; 13 and over = high) 27- He is a good performer, just needs to be aware and increase the working knowledge on her subject. Smart Objectives Specific- It makes the objectives clear and well defined with a basic knowledge to understand them. Measurable- Knowing if the objective is obtainable and when the project is likely to be completed, and when it has been achieved. Attainable- Identifying ways the project can be achieved, build capacity, good character, and skills to reach them Realistic- Ensuring if the resources and skills are sufficient Time-bound Ensuring the work is completed within the provided time frame (Richman, 2006, pp-66). Sheka It is advisable for him to take classes on computers for increasing her working knowledge on excel, web design, power point and word. Time assessment programs may be taken by him to manage time better whichcan be attained in a period of 4-6 months. Happiness It is advisable to be strategically aware of the situation and tasks going on. It is also advised for him to to involve in motivational groups and conferences. Situational Analysis Situational analysis is the recognition and assessment of internal as well as external analysis that influences capability of individuals in attaining goals. It is an analysis of individuals strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats (Ogden and Ogden, 2005). They may be identified as internal factors and external factors (Clarke, 2005). Internal Factors Sheka- Throughout the project, communication skills were improper in case of Sheka. He is not skilled enough for reading or writing properly. He is not punctual. It was slightly difficult working with him. Happiness- A huge contribution was made by him in the entire task. He is good with communication, always provided a feedback. The tasks were completed on time. External Factors Sheka- Sheka has low flexibility and doesnt adapt to the situations quickly. He was less serious about the task in the whole venture. Happiness- Issues like back lock during the assignment procedure was experienced with him. He got stressed easy and it gets difficult to handle him. Self Evaluation Self evaluation of the assessment process conducted is based on four parameters namely, Commitment, Motivation, Confidentiality, Credibility (Loon, 2004,pp-127). I was committed for the project provided to us. The other team members were a great motivation in completion of the task and were present in times of urgency. I provided feedback for what structural changes were to be done. I could be a better leader by motivating Sheka to perform better. The project helped me in recruiting the right person for the right job. Also, different skills were enhanced in the areas I lacked confidence. Safeguarding the best candidates was a priority and measures were extracted in doing that. Conclusion The assessment for the recruitment of an administrative staff established with a concept of dealing with the factors and capabilities of team members. The project helped in working as a team together, enhancing leadership skills, developing communication and selection of deserving candidate for the post of administrative assistant. The value of team leadership and the importance of working in a team together was developed. References Boller, S. (2005).Teamwork training. Alexandria, Va.: ASTD Press. Clarke, A. (2005).Situational analysis. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Cloke, K. and Goldsmith, J. (2005).Resolving conflicts at work. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Deutsch, M. and Coleman, P. (2000).The handbook of conflict resolution. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass. Fletcher, S. (2000).Competence-based assessment techniques. London: Kogan Page. Kelly, G. (1998).Team leadership. Brookfield, Vt.: Gower. Loon, H. (2004).Process assessment and improvement. New York: Springer. Lussier, R. and Achua, C. (2007).Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development. p.282. Michaelsen, L., Knight, A. and Fink, L. (2002).Team-based learning. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Ogden, J. and Ogden, D. (2005).Retailing. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Richman, L. (2006).Improving your project management skills. New York: American Management Association. Rosenhauer, S. (2009).Teams and Teamwork as the Basis of Effectiveness. Munchen: GRIN Verlag GmbH. Roussel, L., Swansburg, R. and Swansburg, R. (2006).Management and leadership for nurse administrators. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Tseng, H. (2008).The relationships between trust and satisfaction and performance among the virtual teams with different developmental processes. West, M. (2012).Effective teamwork. Chichester, West Sussex: BPS Blackwell. West, M., Tjosvold, D. and Smith, K. (2003).International handbook of organizational teamwork and cooperative working. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley.

Importance of Internet free essay sample

Books and libraries have long held a position of esteem and regard within civilized societies. Books are the stoic, unchanging witnesses of our past; ghosts in our social conscience; memories of dreamers and the pale laughter from jestered spirits of discontent and revolutionary ideas. Books are the intimate lovers of readers everywhere, beguiling and beckoning travel to places and situations that open the mind and create a foundry of glowing, shiny alloys melded with the brittle iron of the present. Books have the power to lift us from poverty, shift our thinking and empower the powerless with knowledge.This, of course, is why they must be burned, banned and limited to only the privileged. Book burning  has a lot of negative connotations that make many uncomfortable. Burning a book just any ol’ book, serves little purpose. In order to be effective libricide, or biblioclasm, must be supported with thoughtful selection, social responsibility and a healthy dollop of justice and righteous indignation. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Internet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Before one starts brainstorming and making a list of books to burn for a Church agape group or disciple project, consideration of the recommended code of conduct from international  Memory Hole  experts is helpful.Quote:Are Teachers Becoming Obsolete? How the Internet is slowly replacing formal education By Scott Ijaz From good-natured websites that provide free medical advice, to disturbing ones that explain how to build a firework bomb out of an onion and tin foil, digital dilettantes can learn all sorts of things by surfing the Web. Students often use the Internets broad array of information to educate themselves. By presenting course material as a teacher would, websites cater to students who prefer teaching themselves by simplifying the self-education process. Selfscholar. com organizes and connects students with academic tools and resources.The website provides links for free downloadable textbooks, assembles learning communities comprised of students from all over the world who are interested in learning the same topic, and even has a section that teaches languages. Selfscholar. com also has a feature that allows its students to instant message a live tutor. Mike Spuzzilo, a second year mechanical engineering major, said about the site, Everything you need is in one spot. If I come across a tough homework problem, I can type it into YouTube, he said, adding, A digital teacher will appear, taking me step by step with a similar problem. Spuzzilo remarked that the process makes more sense to him. I learn easier that way, he said. He notes that the Internet better meets his needs. [The resources online] are accessible whenever you can get an Internet connection. University teachers can only help out as their schedule permits. It is much more convenient, Spuzzilo said. Top tier schools like The London School of Economics, MIT and Yale embrace the advent of self-educational websites through Open Course Software. Open Course Software streams recorded lectures from the classroom into the audiences room.The Internet viewer who doesnt drop a dime experiences the same explanations as the students in the classroom who pay high-end tuition dollars. Nathan Shubick, a second year student studying  physics, better comprehended the online explanation than the classrooms. I went to the oyc. yale. edu, and listened to one of their teachers explain the same material on a podcast, remarked Shubick. Shubick favored the Internet source over his classroom teacher. Turns out, the Yale professor authored the textbook which my university teacher refers to in class. It was easier to learn coming from the horses mouth, he said.With such an ample and diverse array of resources, students question emptying their pockets to pay for university tuition if the same material is accessible on the Internet without charge. Karen Diaz, the librarian at OSU responsible for managing online courses, emphasized the advantages of university schooling while pinpointing the shortcomings of an online education. Diaz stressed the importance of learning in person. First-hand experience are things you cannot experience in a free online environment, she said. Whereas the classroom is geared toward meeting individuals needs, the Internet tries to accommodate the larger population. Supporters of formal education believe that student peers and mentors improve the structure of the overall learning environment. You have the chance to interact with the instructor, ask questions, seek clarification or alternate explanations, and seek out help outside of class, Diaz said. State-of-the-art facilities add another important dimension to the educational setting by applying what a student learns into everyday life. There is a big difference between knowing how to do a lab involving a titrate and actually doing it, Diaz said. The large quantity of online information doesnt necessarily ensure its quality.

Abandoned People in Of Mice and Men Essay Example

Abandoned People in Of Mice and Men Essay Example Abandoned People in Of Mice and Men Essay Abandoned People in Of Mice and Men Essay Essay Topic: Of Mice and Men Steinbeck had already displayed a variation of the lonesome existence of the farmhands with the more common attitude towards George, Lennie, and Candy. In Chapter Four, this contrast becomes more pronounced. Crooks, Candy, and Lennie being the three mentally or physically disadvantaged â€Å"outcasts† on the farm discuss their dream of living a superior lifestyle. There seems to be a strong relation to socialism, which brings forward views of prejudice, freedom, and racism. Curley’s wife is reintroduced as well, leaving the four of them alone together. These characters are similar in the way they are secluded from society because of their impairment. Crooks is physically handicapped due to his skin color. Since he is not white he is looked upon as weak and inept. He does not have a proper bedroom and is stuck in a barn by himself every single day. To add to that, Candy is also physically handicapped. He is not able to do certain things because of his missing hand and does not feel needed on the farm. His dog was his only companion, but he loses him and has no one else to rely on. Curley’s wife is socially handicapped. She is perceived as a tramp because of her gender. There are not any other women for her to talk to, and that makes her seek attention. Last but not least, Lennie is mentally handicapped. He cannot think for himself and is unable to process basic concepts. To sum it up, all of them have some sort of handicap, whether it be mentally, physically, or socially. Although they are undeniably similar, they are also exceedingly different. For instance, Crooks is the only character who is left out on a daily basis. He cannot go anywhere without harsh words being thrown at him or feeling hated completely. On the other hand, Lennie is mocked simply because of his mental illness. At least he has someone to look after him, which is George. He can go places, but people feel the need to make their own entertainment from pushing hi

HR & Development Essay (Unit III) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HR & Development (Unit III) - Essay Example ppropriate guideline for an effective brainstorming process includes making a clear and simple introduction of the idea or problem that needs to be brainstormed (Rothwell & Kazanas 1999). Introduction of the problem creates an avenue for conducting a thorough review on the rules governing the entire brainstorming process. This means that each participant gets an equal chance of presenting his or her idea. In other terms, the process should be welcoming to everyone by avoiding commenting during the proceeding of the brainstorming process. It thus discourages any evaluation hence allows room for duplicate ideas. The next step should be communicated after members contributions. That is, explaining what is required to be done then offer all the members of the group or team some private time to think over the brainstormed question or problem (Sharma, 2008). Finally, open the discussion for the member of that group to devise and come up with a suitable solution. In an on job scenario, the brainstorming process would be applied in solving leadership wrangle within the organization. The companys management team would come up with diverse ideas concerning the problem facing the management and tries to come with a suitable solution. That is, in matters concerning the top most position in the management hierarchy all the concern parties should contribute their points of view on regard to the qualities that need to be consider while selecting the suitable person for the post (Sinha and Sinha 2009). Another common problem that arises in an on the job situation is the issue on the process of performance appraisal. For instance, it requires a team or panel to determine or decides suitable criteria to be adapted while appraising the employees. In other terms, they devise and determine the demerit on which an employee should be accorded or subjected to any form of appraisal or appreciation for high performance (Dubrin, 2009). Group work and teamwork has a disadvantage of

Advertisements Should Be More Responsible Essay

Advertisements Should Be More Responsible - Essay Example However, when this influence of the advertisements starts to have adverse effects on people’s life, it is important for the business organizations and importantly their advertising companies to take key responsibilities. That is, as advertisements are persuasive to the potential audience, it needs to be non-emotional but logical, truthful, objective, impartial, accurate, avoids causing public harm, and does not dubiously target children. Otherwise, they are prone to opposition from consumers, consumer bodies, governmental agencies, and general public. The focus will be on how certain advertisements have irresponsible content and message thereby necessitating advertising industry or sector along with businesses to be more responsible while reaching and persuading its audience base. An advertisement, being a powerful medium, can effectively reach millions of people living in every nook and corner of the world. The reason for the advertisements to be a valuable communication platform is their effective persuasion and influential capabilities. However, advertising companies can seize this opportunity with a commercial motive, and so that can have many adverse effects on the viewers and the society as a whole. Advertisers seem to utilize the customers’ attitude and behavior to their discreet advantage by creating captivating images, providing inaccurate information, and misleading claims. Though it might be the free will of consumers to choose the products and brands which they want, it is a fact that advertisements can directly or subtly persuade them in doing so by creating an emotional trigger. â€Å"An ad succeeds at making us feel something—whether its good or bad—and that emotional response can have a profound effect on how we think and the choices we make† (Dachis). This clearly implies that success of any brand is solely defined by the consumers attitude towards the product or

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nutrigenomics

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nutrigenomics The word Nutrigenomics is a combination of nutrition and genomics. Nutrition is about the relationship between food and health; genomics is the study of entire genetic makeup of an organism and how they are expressed and regulated. Therefore, nutrigenomics is a field which concerned about the relationship between diet and gene expression by describing the approach to nutrition and human health that studies the implication of genetic differences in human response to food and how food alter the gene expression, biochemistry, metabolism and promotion of health (Elliot R, 2002). In other words, nutrigenomics is the study and application of gene and nutrition interaction. Besides, nutrigenomics also provides a basis for understanding the biological activity of food components (Rawson N, 2008). In addition, nutrigenomics has also been described by the influence of genetic variation on nutrition by correlate the gene expression with a nutrients absorption, metabolism and how it is eliminate d from our body. In nutrigenomics, nutrients are seen as signals that are detected by a sensory system in the cell that tells the body cells about its environment (diet). Once the nutrient interacts with such system, it alters the gene, metabolite production and protein expression in depending on the level of nutrient it detected (Afman and Muller M, 2006). Hence, different diets will elicit different patterns of gene, protein expression and metabolite production. Such patterns of effects have been referred to as dietary signatures, where they are examined to investigate how homeostasis is influenced (Afman and Muller M, 2006). There are many ways on how nutrigenomics is useful to improve quality of life. Firstly, nutrigenomics define the causality relationship between specific nutrients and diet on human health by determining the mechanism of the effect of the nutrients or diet to human body. Besides, nutrigenomics helps to facilitate prevention through dietary modification when the diet-related diseases are detected in early stage. Nutrigenomics also allows the examination on how nutrients affect the genes present in the human genome. With all these reasons, nutrigenomics promotes and improves the understanding of people on how nutrition influence metabolic pathways and alter the homeostatic control in our body. Moreover, nutrigenomics is also able to demonstrate the impact of bioactive food compounds and its effect on human health, which should lead to the development of functional foods that will keep people healthy based to their individual needs. Then, this will further prevent development of chronic diet-related disease such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, nutrigenomics also involve in finding markers of the early phase of diet-related diseases. At this phase, intervention with nutrition approach can restore patients health. Once a marker has been found and measured in an individual, the stage of susceptibility of the person to develop the diet-related diseases can be quantified and personalized dietary recommendation can be then given to that particular individual and further improve his or her quality of life. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the lifestyle diseases and it is the most common cause of death all over the world. In Malaysia, about 30% of deaths are caused by CVD (WHO, 2009). There are many factors that can lead to CVD. For example, elevated low density lipoprotein (LDL) level, low level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and high level of total cholesterol. Diet has a significant effect on CVD. However, long term health benefits can be obtained from dietary proteins and bioactive non-nutrients, called phytochemicals, which could be either integrated into the diet or be part of the food itself. One of the foods that can be used to reduce the risk of getting CVD is soybean. Soybean contain soy protein and it contains phytoestrogens which bind to estrogen receptors in the body. Besides, soybean also contains high level of Isoflavones. There are three major isoflavones in soybeans which are genistein, daidzein and glycetein. Isoflavones have a non-steroidal structure. However , they possess a phenolic ring that enables them to bind the estrogen receptor and act either as estrogen agonists or antagonists (Makela et al., 1995). One of the ways to prevent or reduce the risk of getting CVD is by lowering the LDL cholesterol level in our blood. The LDL is the major cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein in plasma and it is the causal agent of CVD and coronary heart disease. The major determinants of LDL cholesterol levels in the blood are depend on the number and activity of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). These LDLRs are mostly found on the surface of the hepatic cells. The LDLR controls the uptake of LDL from the circulation and its intracellular degradation by a process known as the LDLR pathway (Anne K Sautar, 2010). According to Manzoni et al, 2003, the peptides formed by the digestion of soy protein up-regulate hepatic LDLR in the mechanism for the cholesterol lowering effects of soy protein. Based on several clinical studies and researches, Sirtori et al (1995) suggested that soy protein can up-regulates LDLR in human. By consuming soy protein with isoflavones, LDLR will be stimulated and increase th e uptake of LDL from the circulation and reduce the LDL level in the blood. This will further decrease the risk of getting cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, the number of LDLRs is regulated by a negative-feedback loop. An increase in hepatocyte cholesterol level will suppress the transcription of LDLR genes and retain LDL in the plasma. In contrast, a decline in hepatic cholesterol will stimulates the transcription of LDLR genes and then removes the LDL from the plasma (Elizabeth G, 2003). In addition, Baum et al, 1998, suggested that isoflavones may increase the efficiency to eliminate LDL from the blood by increasing LDLR densities in the liver. Besides, Anderson et al (1995) also suggested that level of total cholesterol and LDL can be lowered by consuming soy protein with isoflavones. A review of 38 controlled studies on soy and CVD concluded that soybean is definitely effective in improving the cholesterol profile. Interestingly, there are some studies shown that with low c oncentrations of genistein could up-regulate LDL receptor activity and increase LDL receptor gene expression (Kanuck and Ellsworth, 1995). However, there is also some evidence that isoflavones are the active compound in soy in responsible for lowering the LDL in blood and may offer protection against CVD. Therefore, the mechanisms by which soy modulates blood cholesterol and lipoprotein levels in order to prevent or lower the risk of CVD need further research. There are many advantages of nutrigenomics. One of the advantages is nutrigenomics helps to improve our quality of life by promotes an increase of understanding on how nutrition affects metabolism, homeostatic control and introducing the prevention of chronic diet-related diseases to the people. Nutrigenomics also helps in preventing or delaying the onset of diet and lifestyle related disease such as obesity, cancer, CVD and diabetes mellitus. Apart from chemical drug treatment and therapy, nutrigenomics also acts as supporting element to fasten recover and prevent further damage caused by disease. For example, an individual that are diagnosed to have CVD, with the knowledge of nutrigenomics, they can change their dietary intake to lower their low density lipoprotein level and increase their high density lipoprotein level in their body to prevent and minimized the impact of CVD to their body. In addition, nutrigenomics also helps a country to save cost in a long-term prospect. This i s because with the development of nutrigenomics, it can leads to prevention of diseases and thus reduces the cost of treatment, along with decrease in the countrys burden of disease, which then decrease the cost of the government that allocates for health therapy and health services to the community. When there are advantages, there will be disadvantages. One of the disadvantages of nutrigenomics is costly and time-consuming. Nutrigenomics researches need long-term intervention trials to determine the causal relationship between nutrition and ways of prevention, as well as the outcome of disease which is time-consuming and costly. The methods for measuring dietary intake are much more imprecise when compared to genetic or biochemical measurement. Another disadvantage of nutrigenomics is ethnical implication. Since nutrigenomics include genetic test by the usage of samples from identified populations, ethical and legal implication may appear. The management of genetic information, consent, confidentiality, non-medical uses of information by employers and insurers are some of the ethnical issues that may arise. Furthermore, nutrigenomics might misused by some companies. Recently, the interest of public in this field is increasing. As a result, in United States, some companies are t aking this advantage by providing nutrigenomics services to public. These companies may mislead the consumer by making health-related predictions that are medically unproven or asking their customer to buy costly supplement that they claimed to be developed according to an individuals unique DNA. Moreover, nutrigenomics tests and researches require a large study population of patients and controls to investigate combinations of genetic variants and impact of nutrients in relation to a disease. Thus, it is difficult to visualize the combined data and analyzed, and in an integrated manner, how multiple gene and multiple nutrients interact simultaneously. In conclusion, nutrigenomics has great potential to benefit medical science in the future. However, it is still only in its infant state and there are many uncertainties about its further development.

For What Reasons Did the Coalition Government Abolish Police?

For what reasons did the Coalition Government abolish police authorities in 2012? What problems do you think are raised by the introduction of elected Police and Crime Commissioners? This essays objective is to take into consideration the rationale of the Coalition governments’ decision to replace police authorities with elected Police and Crime Commissioners (PCC). A critique and a background of the police authorities operations will be discussed and evaluated. A brief history of policing before police authorities were established will also be explored.Furthermore, the reasons why there was a radical reform to PCC’s will be debated and the problems that may arise. Policing has always been a challenging issue and it most likely will always be challenging. Sir Robert Peel’s first principle of policing stated: â€Å"The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder† (Cited in Theresa, M 2010). There has been an attempt to always c ling onto this. The only difference is how certain authorities or political groups approach it. In the nineteenth century, autonomy and power were located within boroughs, locally.After a few attempts to try to centralise the police force and a few police corruption scandals which occurred in the 1950s, it was finally the time for the government to produce a centralised, professionalised group of senior police officers. In 1964, under the Police Act, these smaller, more manageable forces were to be known as â€Å"police authorities†. Their role was to ‘‘secure the maintenance and of an adequate and efficient police force for their area’’. (Citied in Williams, C 2003). However, the police authorities are now being replaced by elected PCCs.The main purpose of this reform is to restore the drive for local policing priorities and the public by leading engagement with local policing partners. This will boost the empowerment of local communities in crimina l justice affairs. Beginning with a little history of how and why police authorities were introduced. Throughout the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth, police power was largely seen as a responsibility of local government, and police were controlled by the appropriate local institution.The policing were in the hands of the local government and the boroughs of England and Wales, by whom fiercely protected the police powers exercised by their elected watch committees. These powers were symbolic of the city's independence, and police forces were crucial exercisers of executive power locally, concerning poor relief, licensing laws, the regulation of the streets, and the imposition of morality on the community. The 1835 Municipal Corporations Act introduced democracy to the self-governing towns of England and Wales.The only compulsory statutory duty was to select a watch committee to run the police force. The self-governing towns can be described as self-confident, prosperou s and autonomous. . The committees had complete power over the activities and composition of their forces. (Citied in Brogden, M 1982). The government aimed at increasing centralisation within the police force but after a few attempts to intervene, they failed. The first attempt by the state to reduce the autonomy of the towns and cities came after the 1853 Select Committee on Police, which recommended extending compulsory police provision to all areas.The Home Office were under no doubt that, the most efficient way to run each force would be to put it ‘under the orders of Government. However, these recommendations from the Home Office had to be consulted with the opposition of the local government. In 1854 and 1856, the Home Office's attempts to pass police bills that limited the rights of boroughs to control their own police forces were defeated by the borough. The boroughs also had total autonomy and democratic control over operational decisions.The watch committees, meetin g weekly, had the power to hire and fire members of their forces and were prepared to exercise it. (Citied in Emsley, C 1996). Further action was done by the Labour representatives in the 1920s to gain centralisation. By 1939, Labour controlled 18 out of 83 county boroughs. The Home Office took increasing responsibility for producing a class of leaders for police forces, and thus intervened increasingly in matters of training, promotion and appointment. The Home Office also began to intervene more in the appointment of Chief Constables.The 1950s Whitehall introduced a policy of refusing to appoint any Chief Constable who had no experience in a different force: this was clearly designed to create a more nationally homogenous and professionalised group of senior police officers. Since the increased effort for involvement with the boroughs and watch committees, there was a growing demand of professionalism within the police. The boroughs had co-operated fully in modernising and homogen ising the police forces, through co-operative training and communication. Citied in Loveday, B 1994) Between 1919 and 1964, the state tried using ‘efficiency', ‘economy', and ‘national security' as reasons to centralise control, before successfully employing ‘corruption' to achieve this. The 1960 Royal Commission was actively steered by the Home Office along its own centralist agenda, resulting in the 1964 Police Act, subsuming city forces into counties. These were influenced by the nature of two policing scandals of the late 1950s, which gave the Home Office a convenient point of entry with which to attack the status quo. (Citied in (Ludtgarten, L 1986).Both scandals were cases of corruption within the boroughs, the Brighton Borough police force in 1957, where the chief constable and two officers were arrested and charged with a variety of corrupt practises, and in Labour- controlled Nottingham in 1958, where there was an investigation launched on Labour cou ncillors and succeeded to prove that two labour councillors and the Secretary of the District Labour Party had been bribed on a visit to East Germany. Events such as mentioned above involving corruption led to the boroughs finally losing their police powers completely.A royal commission on the police had been appointed in 1960 to review the constitutional position of the police throughout Great Britain, and in 1964, the Police Act was introduced. (Citied in Willams, C 2003). Returning to answering the question more directly now, the Police Act of 1946 mirrored the interests of greater efficiency and greater central control over policing. It allowed for the amalgamation of existing forces into more efficient units, merging them into a more manageable number of 43 forces in England and Wales.The watch committees were replaced with police authorities. This new system was characterized as â€Å"the tripartite structure† of police accountability. The tripartite system distributes responsibilities between the Home Office, the local police authority, and the chief constable of the force. (Citied in Williams, C 2003). This tripartite system provides accountability to Parliament through the Home Secretary (who has responsibility for policing policy including centrally setting key priorities that are formalised within a National Policing Plan).Police Authorities were composed of councillors (two-thirds) and magistrates (one-third) and their role was to ‘‘secure the maintenance and of an adequate and efficient police force for their area’’. (Citied in Williams, C 2003). To liberate this duty they were provided with a number of specific and statutory responsibilities which included appointing and dismissing its senior officers, making sure arrangements are in place to consult the local community about the policing of their area and heir priorities, publish an annual local policing plan and a best value performance plan, setting out the pol icing priorities, performance targets, and the allocation of resources, to publish a three-year strategy plan, which must be approved by the Home Secretary and monitor the performance of the force in delivering the policing plan. (Joyce, P 2011: 118, 127). Although there have been issues raised about police authorities and these concerns will be brought to the surface, it can also be argued that police authorities have constituently tried to provide â€Å"an efficient and effective† police force.This can be shown by all the legislation that has been introduced. The 1994 Police and Magistrates Act, Courts Act (PMCA) 1995, the Police Act 1996, and the Police Reform Act 2002, have all endorsed the tripartite arrangements and aimed to fundamentally ensure and provide an adequate, efficient and effective police force. ( Citied in Williams, C 2003). The introduction of the policing pledge in 2008 by the Labour party, although it has been scrapped by the Coalition government, aimed at restoring public faith and to ensure the services being provided locally were adequate.Promises such as providing monthly local crime rates, answering all non-emergency calls promptly, providing information to the community on their Neighbourhood Policing Team i. e. where they are based, how to contact them and how to work with them were stated on this document, to increase community engagement and involvement. (Citied in The Policing Pledge, 2008). There has been placed a great deal of importance on empowerment, localisation, decentralisation of power and community involvement. There has been many green and white papers published to support this.David Blunkett’s â€Å"Civil Renewal† Agenda (2003) and David Cameron’s â€Å"Big Society† Agenda (2010) has influenced trends towards â€Å"community engagement, confident and cooperation† within their respective policing reform programmes continues. The agendas extensively focus on the responsibility of the government and every citizen’s efforts to strengthen communities, to revitalise our democracy and to provide more power and opportunity into people’s hands and security for all. It is believed that the engagement of everyone is necessary to make that happen; the government alone cannot fix every problem.Furthermore, Sir Ronnie Flanagan conducted the report of â€Å"The Review of Policing† in 2008. Flanagan stated that involving local communities in political decision-making processes is crucial and delivering in partnerships, developing the workforce and improving performance at force levels. (Flanagan, 2008). As mentioned above, there were concerns regarding the police authorities. One of the main issues was that central control undermined local police affairs power and authority. In the early 1980’s, there were clashes between police authorities and chief constables relating to who would have the final say in particular activity.The reliance of t he Home Office by chief constables tended to increase the power of the central government over local police arrangements. In addition, the introduction of the 1994 Police and Magistrates Courts Act enabled the Home Secretary to determine and set national objectives or priorties. This task was previously done by chief constables. Furthermore, the police areas would be assessed on their attainment by comparing to a set of performance targets. Empowerment, localisation, and decentralisation are clearly not desired. ( Citied in Williams, C 2003).Additionally, the situation continued to be aggravating as further developments such as the targets imposed by central government were extended and became the key tool of performance management. Police forces had to deliver on activities, which were determined centrally. Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in 1998 to promote clarity in service delivery, again centrally. This target regime led to the bulk of police work focusing on a chieving the targets imposed on them, this made it impossible to concentrate on local concerns. This again suggests the central power undermining powers and authority locally.Also, it was suggested that centrally determined targets â€Å"tend to distort priorties, tempting officers into using their tine in unproductive ways into directly fiddling performance figures† (Loveday and Reid, 2003: 19). Similarly, they created a â€Å"counting culture† within the police service whereby â€Å"only what got measured got done† (Loveday and Reid, 2003: 22). Additional research was undertaken in 2003 investigating the role of police authorities in public engagement. Participants that were interviewed saw police authorities’ independence from the police force as very important.This was because of the risk of corruption or abuse of power. â€Å"If it was 100 per cent fully independent, then I think that would make a lot of difference to people, and I think they would feel a lot happier knowing that it was being†¦kept an eye on. † (Home Office 2003: 19). However, many participants thought that police authorities did not appear to be independent enough, and this could undermine the community’s confidence and trust in them. There was a feeling in many groups that the number of independent members should increase or even that authorities should be composed completely of independent members.There were worries that the independent members might not have a fair say, as councillors and magistrates have an overall majority on the authority. (Citied in Home Office, 2003). â€Å"â€Å"You’re paying†¦.. it’s your community, you live there, so you should have a say in how it’s policed. † (Home Office 2003: 17). The community does seem to desire to get involved in the decision making, however when asked who made decisions about spending and who was responsible for the monitoring of police performance, there was very little spontaneous mention of police authorities. (Citied in Home Office, 2003).These findings suggest that police authorities are not adequate or efficient enough, people living in the communities have very little knowledge of police authorities and the question is why? More should be done to advertise and involve the community in the decision making process of what happens in their communities. Their involvement would increase the confidence in the police and create a more coherent community. Conversely, as the Coalition government scrapped the policing pledge, they also disposed police authorities in 2o12 and replaced them with elected police and crime commissioners (PCC).The Coalition government strongly believed that it was vital to replace bureaucratic accountability from central government to democratic accountability to the public. PCCs will make forces truly accountable to the communities they serve, ensuring that resources are properly targeted to where they are n eeded and giving the public a greater say in measures to reduce crime and improve community safety. The main aim of PCC was to â€Å"put power directly in the hands of the public†. (Home Affairs Committee, 2o1o:10). The key powers of PCCs are to set the police force budget and to hire and fire chief constables. Citied in Home Affairs Committee, 2010). The Elected PCC’s have overcome issues that the police authorities did not: the community involvement, empowerment and local governance is greater. The community elects their own PCC’s locally and it represents the drive for local policing priorities and the public by leading engagement with local policing partners. This new approach to policing is boosting the empowerment of local communities in criminal justice affairs. They will hold the elected chief constable to account; making sure that policing is responsive to the communities’ needs.There is an increased democratic accountability. (Citied in Home Aff airs Committee, 2010). However, this new reform also faces a few critiques. Lord Blair referred to this proposal as â€Å"the most lamentable provision about policing I have ever encountered† (Blair, 2011). Firstly, the PCC will replace the 17 or 19 members who currently represent a police authority. It is impossible to imagine how one person can adequately represent the diverse demands of the vast range of communities found in the areas covered by police forces, whether they are heavily populated urban ones or cover geographically large rural areas. Joyce, P 2011). As the policing needs and concerns of neighbourhoods are usually vastly different and are often in direct competition for finite police resources, it is a concern that a PCC will seek to direct policing to address the localised, sectionalised or political interests of those who elected him or her into office thus serving to politicise policing and opening the door to the possibility of corruption. (Joyce, P 2011). Before the 1964 Police Act, there were claims and investigations into policing corruption scandals: the Borough police force in 1957 and in Nottingham in 1958. Citied in Willams, C 2003). Its due to these concerns about policing corruption, the police force became centralised. This is a major concern and strict safeguards and monitoring will have to be established to avoid it from happening again. Secondly, there is the question as to whether this reform was needed. It is fair to suggest that it is intensely politicized and a populist measure. Valid criticisms can be made concerning the operations of police authorities, however this did not mean they were performing a poor job and providing a poor police service.Party politics were not injected onto the agenda. In fact, there was a good working relationship between the police authorities and the chief constables in many areas and the communities and local policing benefited from this. (Joyce, P 2011). Ian Loader (2008) stated that the â€Å"government is urged to take another ride on the law and order merry-go-round, to issue a fresh batch of crowd-pleasing-measures that can appease its apparently angry and anxious consumers†. Many will harmonize with this.The government is in need of public support, confidence and trust and the best way to get the local communities or â€Å"customers† support is to respond to our demands. As was mentioned above, the community would like more opportunities to get involved in the way their communities are being policed and the new reform of elected PCC’s can be perceived as a crowd-pleasing-measure. (Citied in Loader, I 2008). Garland again has famously said that the policy-making has become profoundly politicized and populist.Policy measures are constructed in ways that value public opinion over the views of experts and the evidence of research. â€Å"The dominant voice of crime policy is no longer the expert or even the practitioner but that of the long -suffering, ill served people- especially the victim and the fearful, anxious members of the public†. (Stated in The Culture of Control, 2001). Furthermore, a range of views were put forward on the role of PCCs from the consultation feedback and it was not all positive.Concerns have been expressed that a PCC, as a single individual, may not be effective across a whole force area and find it difficult to engage with communities sufficiently. Moreover, there was concerns received about the checks and balances proposed in the consultation. Some members believed that the arrangements might prove overly bureaucratic or create confusing lines of accountability for chief constables and the public. Others felt that they were too weak, or sought more detail on how the Police and Crime Panels (PCPs) would provide a real challenge and scrutiny. Citied in Theresa, M 2010). Many also expressed concerns about the political nature of the role of the PCC and in particular the involvement of c andidates supported by the main political parties. They believe this would risk cutting across the operational decisions made by chief constables and other police officers, and this would most definitely inject party politics, whereby police authorities did not. Additionally, there needs to be appropriate and respectable safeguards to be put in place regarding to circumstances under which a PCC could dismiss or suspend a chief constable.These issues, if they were to ever occur, could create tension between PCCs and chief constables. The community will have a knock-on effect from this, as they would be the ones feeling the consequences. There would not be an adequate and efficient service provided to the community. That was the aim of PCCs and if it does not meet its own aims, it would fail dramatically. (Citied in Theresa, M 2010). It is fair to say police authorities and PCCs have issues to be concerned about but also have positive points.Police authorities and the 1964 Police Act did structure the police force and it did aim at providing â€Å"an efficient and effective† police force. This is consistently shown by the constant need to improve and advance the services being provided to the public . The 1994 Police and Magistrates Act, Courts Act (PMCA) 1995, the Police Act 1996, and the Police Reform Act 2002, the Policing Pledge 2008, have all endorsed the tripartite arrangements and aimed to fundamentally ensure and provide an adequate, efficient and effective police force.However, the demand for empowerment, localisation, decentralisation of power and community involvement perpetually grew stronger too and the police authorities did set priorities and standards nationally, and not locally. Research was undertaken in 2003 investigating the role of police authorities in public engagement. participants that were interviewed saw police authorities’ independence from the police force as very important. This was because of the risk of corruption or abuse of power. You’re paying†¦.. it’s your community, you live there, so you should have a say in how it’s policed. (Home Office 2003: 17). The community does desire to get involved in the decision making, however the lack of knowledge of police authorities and how you can get involved or the lack of liberation of empowerment and localisation should be questioned. (Citied in Home Office, 2003). The Coalition government 2012 decided to introduce PCCs. The ain of this reform was to to democratic accountability to the public and to â€Å"put power directly in the hands of the public†. (Home Affairs Committee, 2o1o:10). In this case, the input from the public is greater and have greater local empowerment.However, PCC faces its problems too. It does face greater likelihood of policing corruption, a PCC, as a single individual, may not be effective across a whole force area and find it difficult to engage with communities sufficiently. 17 to 19 members a re being replaced by one PCC. It is impossible imagine how one person can adequately represent the diverse demands of the vast range of communities and activities. In conclusion, the question still remains as to whether this reform was needed, the police authorities were not proving a poor service or doing a poor job.Garland (2001) would suggest that the policy-making has become profoundly politicized and populist. The introduction of PCC was just a populist measure. However, the local communities may benefit from the empowerment and local prioritisation and if they do, PCCs have succeeded their aims. References †¢Blair, L. (2011), ‘‘Speech in the House of Lords 27 April’’, HL Debs Session 2010-11, Vol 727, Col 137 †¢Blunkett, David (2003) ‘Civil Renewal: A New Agenda’ , London: Home Office †¢Brogden, M (1982), â€Å"The Police: Autonomy and Consent†, London: Academic Press. Emsley, C (1996), â€Å"The English Police: a P olitical and Social History†, Harlow: Longman. †¢Flanagan, Sir Ronnie (Feb 2008) The Review of Policing: Final Report. London: Home Office †¢Garland, D (2001), â€Å"The Culture of Control. † Oxford: Oxford University Press. †¢Home Affairs Committee, (2008). ‘‘Policing in the twenty-first century’’, Seventh Report, Session 2007/08, House of Commons Paper 364, TSO, London. †¢Joyce, P. (2011). Police reform: from police authorities to police and crime commissioners. Sage, London. †¢Loveday, B. (1994), â€Å"The Police and Magistrates Courts Act†.Policing 10(4), pp 221-233 †¢Lustgarten, L. (1986), â€Å"The Governance of the Police†, London: Sweet & Maxwell. †¢The Coalition Manifesto: â€Å"Our Programme for Government† (May 2010) †¢Theresa, M (2010). â€Å"Policing in the 21st Century: Reconnecting police and the people†. Home Office †¢Home Affairs Committee (2010), ‘à ¢â‚¬ËœPolicing: police and crime commissioners’’, Second Report, Sessions 2010/11, House of Commons Paper 511, TSO, London. Bibliography †¢David Cameron speech (19 July 2010) â€Å"Our Big Society Agenda†. London: Home Office Date accessed: 25 November 2012 http://www. conservatives. om/News/Speeches/2010/07/David_Cameron_Our_Big_Society_Agenda. aspx †¢Home Office (2003), â€Å"The role of police authorities in public engagement† Date Accessed: 3 December 2012 http://library. npia. police. uk/docs/hordsolr/rdsolr3703. pdf †¢Loader, I (2008). â€Å"The great victim of this get-tough hyperactivity is Labour†. The Guardian Date accessed: 28 November 2012 http://www. guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19/justice. ukcrime †¢The Policing Pledge (2008). London: Home Office Date Accessed: 1 December 2012 http://www. met. police. uk/pledge/our_pledge_leaflet. pdf