Philippine Constitution †Article Iii Essay

Article III Bill of rights – declaration and enumeration of a person’s right and privileges which the Constitution is designed to protect against violations Basis: social importance accorded to the individual in a democratic or republican state Classes of rights 1) Natural rights – right possessed by every citizen without being granted by the State for they are given to man by God Ex. Right to life, right to liability, right to property, right to love 2) Constitutional right – rights which are conferred and protected by the Constitution; cannot be taken away 3) Statutory rights – rights which are provided by laws promulgated by the law-making body and may be abolished by the same body Ex. Right to receive a minimum wage, right to adopt a child Classification of constitutional rights 1) Political rights – rights of the citizens which give them the power to participate 2) Civil rights – rights which the law will enforce at the instance of private individuals for the purpose of their happiness 3) Social and economic rights – rights which are intended to insure the well-being and economic security of the individual 4) Rights of the accused – civil right intended for the protection of a person accused of any crime State authority and individual freedom 1) State, an instrument to promote both individual and social welfare – promote the happiness and welfare of both the individual and the group Liberty – blessing without which life is a misery Doctrine of laissez faire – â€Å"let people do as they choose† 2) Conflict between individual rights and group welfare – State as an instrument to enable both the individual and society together to attain their greater happiness 3) Balancing of individual and group rights and interests – there can be no absolute power and absolute liberty 4) Role of the Judiciary – balancing the interests of the individual and group welfare in the adjudication of disputes that is fair and just Supreme Court – arbiters of the limits of governmental powers Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws Due process of law – a person may be deprived by the State of his life, liberty, or property provided due process of law is observed; a fundamental principle of fairness in all legal matters, both civil and criminal, especially in the courts. Aspects of due process of law (has two-fold process) 1) Procedural due process – method or manner by which the law is enforced 2) Substantive due process – law should be â€Å"fair, reasonable, and just† Procedural due process 1) In judicial proceedings It requires: a) Impartial court b) Jurisdiction lawfully acquired over the person of the defendant c) Opportunity to be heard given the defendant d) Judgement to be rendered after lawful hearing 2) In administrative proceedings – an offender may be arrested pending the filing of charges or an officer/employee may be suspended pending an investigation for violation Substantive due process 1) Tax which is imposed for a private purpose constitutes a taking of property without due process as it is beyond the authority of the legislature to levy. The reason is that tax can be imposed only for a public purpose. â€Å"Ability to pay principle† 2) Taking of property for private use offends substantive due process. Persons protected – all persons within the territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines Life – something more than mere animal Liberty – right of man to use his faculties with which he has been endowed by his Creator as long as he does not violate the law or the rights of others Property – the right over a thing What constitutes deprivation 1) Deprivation of life – extinction of human existence and various physical and mental attributes 2) Deprivation of liberty – unreasonable restriction on the liberty of others 3) Deprivation of property – property’s value is destroyed or impaired Meaning of equal protection of the laws * all persons subject to legislation should be treated alike * prohibits â€Å"class legislation† (discriminates against some and favors others) Reasonable classification permitted * Persons/properties may be grouped into classes No denial of the protection where under the law- a) Foreign corporations are made to pay higher amount of taxes b) Certain professions are limited to persons of the ‘male’ sex c) Certain privileges for leaves to women are not extended to men d) Preference is given to Filipino citizens in the lease of public market stalls e) Different professions are taxed at different amounts f) Employment of children is prohibited Sec 2. Right of the people to be secure shall be inviolable; no warrant shall issue except determined personally by the judge Search Warrant – order in writing, signed by a judge; search for certain personal Property Warrant of arrest – a person is taken into custody Scope of protection 1) Persons – protection applies to everybody 2) Houses – the protection is not limited to houses but extends to a garage, warehouse, shop†¦ 3) Papers and effect – sealed letters and packages When search and seizure unreasonable – purely judicial question Requisites for valid search warrant or warrant of arrest 1) Issued upon probable cause 2) Probable cause must be determined personally by the judge 3) Probable cause must be made after examination 4) Warrant must particularly describe the place to be searched or persons/things to be seized Probable cause – there is a good reason for believing that the law has been broken or a crime has been committed Sufficiency of affidavit upon which warrant is based 1) Test of sufficiency affidavit – perjury could be charge for damages caused in case his declaration are found to be false 2) Basis of affidavit – must be based on personal knowledge or information Sufficiency of description 1) Place 2) Person – â€Å"John Doe† or â€Å"Jane Doe† (person is unknown) 3) Property – must be specific General warrant – not particularly describe the things to be seized Rights against unreasonable search and seizure, personal 1) Proper party to invoke right – the seizure can be contested only by the party whose personal rights were involved 2) Right subject to waiver – without proper search warrant, no public official has the right to enter the premises of another When search and seizure may be made without warrant 1) Where there is waiver 2) Search is incident to a lawful arrest 3) Forfeited goods are being transported to a verhicle 4) Articles prohibited by law is open to eye and hand When arrest may be made without warrant 1) Had committed 2) Is committing 3) Will be committing Sec 3. Privacy of communication shall be inviolable; evidence in violation shall be forbidden Right of privacy – right to be left alone Basis and purpose of the right 1) Right existing in the state of nature – person’s inherent right to enjoy his private life 2) Right designed to secure enjoyment of one’s private life – accorded protection to secure the enjoyment by a person of his private life Relationship with right against unreasonable searches and seizures 1) Aspect of right to be secure in one’s person – constitutional provision on the right of privacy implements the security of the citizen 2) Privacy of communication and correspondence Limitations on the right of privacy of communictions 1) Permissible interference – allowed interfering on privacy Conditions: a) Upon lawful order of the court b) Public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law 2) Intervention of the court First limitation: issued search warrant Second limitation: right is subject to the police power of the State Evidence illegally obtained 1) Inadmissible – in any proceeding, judicial or administrative 2) Reason – exclusion is the only practical way of enforcing the constitutional guarantees 3) Right of owner – owner of evidence obtained illegally has a right to seize the articles Writ of habeas corpus – the right of a citizen to obtain a writ of habeas corpus as a protection against illegal imprisonment Purpose of the writ – completes the legal armory and remedy of a citizen against violations * Secures the privacy of an individual How writ operates – served upon the respondent who shall file an answer under oath with supporting affidavit (affidavit – a sworn statement in writing made especially under oath or on affirmation before an authorized magistrate or officer) Sec 4. No law shall be passed depriving freedom of speech Freedom of speech, of expression, and of the press – right to freely utter and publish whatever one pleases without previous restraint Scope of terms â€Å"speech†, â€Å"expression† and â€Å"press† 1) Speech and expression – oral utterances such as protests as expression of opinion about subjects of public concern 2) Press – every sort of publications Importance of the guarantee 1) Promotes growth of the individual and the nation – freedom of speech should be protected by the State 2) Makes possible, scrutiny of acts and conduct of public officials – public opinion must be enlightened 3) Insures a responsive and popular government – people must be able to voice their sentiments and aspirations so that they may become active participants Freedom of expression not absolute 1) Subject to regulation by the State – in order for it to not be injurious 2) Subject one to liability when abused – any one who slanders another may be penalized Justification for abridgement of freedom of speech and of the press 1) Clear and present danger rule – a speech will likely lead to an evil scheme 2) Application of rule Right of assembly – right on the part of the citizens to meet peaceably for consultation in respect to public affairs Right of petition – right of any person to apply to the appropriate branch of the government for redress of grievances Relationship with freedom of speech and of the press 1) Complement of right of free speech 2) Application of clear and present danger rule Sec 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion Religious freedom – right of man to worship God Religion – all forms of belief in the existence of superior beings exercising power over human beings Aspects of religious freedom 1) Separation of church and state 2) Freedom of religious prefession and worship Freedom of religious profession and worship 1) Freedom to believe in a religion 2) Freedom to act in accordance with such belief Right to disseminate religious beliefs 1) Relationship with right to believe – right to disseminate religious beliefs and information 2) Justification for restraint of right License fee or tax on sale of religious articles 1) Permission or condition for exercise of right 2) Imposition of financial burden after exercise of right Religious test prohibited 1) Meaning of terms a) Religious test – one demanding the affirmation or contradiction of certain religious beliefs before the performance of any act b) ‘civil’ or ‘political’ rights including the individual rights 2) Reason for provision – without prohibition, religious freedom becomes meaningless Sec 6. Liberty of abode and travel * Right of a person to have his home in whatever place chosen by him Limitations on the right 1) Permissible interference – lawmaking body may provide observance of curfew ours, commitment of mentally deranged persons to a mental institutions, confinement to a hospital, arrest and detention of the accused 2) Intervention of the court – a court order is not necessary Sec 7. Right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized 1) Access to official records for exercise of right 2) Arguments in support of right a) The sovereign people have the right of access to records of their government b) Enable the people to participate more effectively in governmental affairs c) It will make denunciation of government more factual, responsible, effective d) Provide a deterrent to the commission of venalities e) Reduce public suspicion of officials 3) Constitutionality or validity of implementing law Scope of the right 1) The right embraces all public records 2) It is limited to citizens only 3) Its exercise is subject to such limitations as may be provided by law Limitations on the right 1) Public records excepted – public records are declared confidential 2) Burden on government to justify withholding of information – healthy balance between the need to afford protection to vital secrets and safeguarding the basic right of the people Sec 8. Right to form associations – freedom to organize any group Purposes of the guarantee 1) Encourage the formation of voluntary associations 2) The needs of the social body seek satisfaction in one form or the other Limitation on the right – depriving of forming a group when it shows imminent danger Sec 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation Essential or inherent powers of government 1) Totality of government power – contained in 3 great powers (power of eminent domain, police power, and power of taxation) 2) Similarities Eminent domain – right of the State to take private property for public use upon paying to the owner a just compensation Conditions for or limitations upon its exercise 1) Existence of public use – beneficially employed for the community 2) Payment of just compensation 3) Observance of due process of law in the taking Meaning of ‘taking’ 1) Actual physical seizure not essential – physical seizure or appropriation of the property, and destruction or impairment 2) The ‘taking’ must be direct Police power – power of the State to enact such laws in relation to persons and property as may promote public health†¦and convenience of the people Basis of police power – ‘the welfare of the people is the supreme law, so use your own as not to injure another’s property’ Illustrations of police power laws 1) Public health – medical profession 2) Public morals – punishing vagrancy and prostitution 3) Public safety – requiring a license for the right to drive motor vehicles 4) General welfare and convenience – requiring compulsory registration of lands Taxation – power of the State to impose charge or burden upon persons and property for the use and support of the government Theory and basis of taxation 1) Power: Government cannot continue without means to pay its existence, it has right to compel citizens and property within its limits to contribute 2) Basis: Protection and support between the State and its inhabitants Taxes – enforced proportional contributions from persons and property; financial burdens or charges imposed by the government Distinction among the three powers 1) As to authority which exercises the power – taxation and police power: government Eminent domain: public service companies 2) As to purpose – taxation: support for government Eminent domain: for public use Police power: purpose of promoting the general welfare 3) As to effect – taxation: money -> public funds Eminent domain: right -> property Police power: no such transfer 4) As to persons affected – taxation and police power: community Eminent domain: individual 5) As to benefits received – taxation: receives equivalent tax in the form of benefits Eminent domain: compensation Police power: compensation is not immediate Sec 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed Obligation of a contract – law which binds the parties to perform their agreement according to its terms Law – includes executive and administrative orders of the President Contract – obligation of which is secured against impairment under the Constitution Purpose of non-impairment prohibition 1) Protect creditors, to assure the fulfilment of lawful promises, and to guard the integrity of contractual obligations Sec15. Writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion How writ operates Privilege of the writ – further order from the court to release an individual if it finds his detention without legal cause or authority

H-Dropping Definition and Examples in Pronunciation

In English grammar, h-dropping is a  type of elision marked by the omission of the initial /h/ sound in words such as happy, hotel, and honor. Also called the dropped aitch. H-dropping is common in many dialects of British English. Examples and Observations Charles DickensI am well aware that I am the umblest person going, said Uriah Heep, modestly; let the other be where he may. My mother is likewise a very umble person.Gilbert CannanHe beamed as he had never beamed, even on his stepmother.My word, she said, but you ave grown.David did not wince at the dropped aitch.St. Greer John ErvineI dont do much reading myself, he said. Dont ave the time. I was overwhelmed at the dropped aitch. Such mutilation of language was becoming, no doubt, in a grocer or an insurance agent, or some such clod, but utterly improper in one who handled books.Robert HichensRobin opened the door, went straight up to the very dark and very thin man whom he saw sitting by the fire, and, staring at this man with intensity, lifted up his face, at the same time saying:Ullo, Fa!There was a dropped aitch for which nurse, who was very choice in her English, would undoubtedly have rebuked him had she been present. Dropping Ones Aitches in England John EdwardsWriting in 1873, Thomas Kington-Oliphant referred to h as the fatal letter: dropping it was a hideous barbarism. A century later, the phonetician John Wells wrote that dropping ones aitches had become the single most powerful pronunciation shibboleth in England--a ready marker of social difference, a symbol of the social divide, as Lynda Mugglestone added. In My Fair Lady, Eliza Doolittle described the weather in three English counties: in artford, ereford and ampshire, urricanes ardly ever appen (artford Hertford, generally pronounced as Hartford). Indeed, Cockneys and others on the wrong side of the divide persist in omitting the h where it ought to appear, and sometimes inserting it where it shouldnt (bring the heggs into the ouse, would you?). Attempting to remedy these errors, speakers may occasionally make embarrassing hypercorrections: pronouncing heir as if it were hair or hare, for example.Ulrike Altendorf and Dominic WattLondon and Southeastern accents have soc iolinguistically variable H dropping (see Tollfree 1999: 172-174). The zero form tends to be avoided by middle-class speakers, except in contexts in which H dropping is licensed in virtually all British accents (in unstressed pronouns and verbs such as his, her, him, have, had, etc.).Graeme Trousdale[M]any speakers in the south-east [of England] are abandoning H-dropping: evidence from Milton Keynes and Reading (Williams and Kerswill 1999), and particularly from ethnic minority groups in working-class areas of inner London, suggests that (h):[h] variants are more frequently attested in contemporary urban southern British English. The Most Contentious Letter in the Alphabet Michael RosenPerhaps the letter H was doomed from the start: given that the sound we associate with H is so slight (a little outbreath), there has been debated since at least AD 500 whether it was a true letter or not. In England, the most up-to-date research suggests that some 13th-century dialects were h-dropping, but by the time elocution experts came along in the 18th century, they were pointing out what a crime it is. And then received wisdom shifted, again: by 1858, if I wanted to speak correctly, I should have said erb, ospital and umble.The world is full of people laying down the law about the correct choice: is it a hotel or an otel; is it a historian or an historian? There is no single correct version. You choose. We have no academy to rule on these matters and, even if we did, it would have only marginal effect. When people object to the way others speak, it rarely has any linguistic logic. It is nearly always because of the way that a particular linguistic feature is seen as belonging to a cluster of disliked social features. Dropped Aitches in Words Beginning With Wh- R.L. TraskIn the nineteenth century, the aitches began to disappear from all the words beginning with hw- (spelled wh-, of course), at least in England. Today even the most careful speakers in England pronounce which just like witch, whales just like Wales, and whine just like wine. There is still, however, a kind of dim folk memory that the pronunciation with h is more elegant, and I believe there are still a few teachers of elocution in England who try to teach their clients to say hwich and hwales, but such pronunciations are now a quaint affectation in England. Dropped Aitches in American English James J. KilpatrickThe ear is likely to deceive us in this matter of aspirates. The rule in American English is that there is practically no such thing as a dropped aitch. William and Mary Morris, whose authority merits respect, say that only five words with a silent aitch remain in American English: heir, honest, hour, honor, herb, and their derivatives. To that list I might add humble, but its a close call. Some of my revisionist friends would rewrite The Book of Common Prayer so that we would confess our sins with a humble and contrite heart. To my ear, an humble is better. . . . But my ear is an inconstant ear. I would write about a hotel and a happening. John Irving, it follows, wrote an hilarious novel about a hotel in New Hampshire.

The Security And Protection Of Patient Information

This Security Plan is to be implemented in a Home Health Care Center with the aim of protecting the information of patients enrolled in it. The purpose of this Policy is to clearly demonstrate the commitment of the home center management to the security and protection of patient information. Management is dedicated to fostering a culture of compliance among all employees. This Policy sets the direction, gives broad guidance, and defines the requirements for security related processes, programs, and actions across the center. The center should be committed to consistent enforcement of this Policy and cyber security. This Policy should be in directive compliance with federal reliability standards. All responsible managers and supervisors are†¦show more content†¦Both training and awareness activities should emphasize the importance of protecting and securing patient information. Persons granted access to patient information should be required to complete annual training on app licable policies and procedures, physical and electronic access controls, and proper use and handling. Training should be customized based on the need of the individual. The center should identify, classify, and protect sensitive information associated with patients. The electronic security should be done by the standards propose by HIPAA. If there were any changes the center is responsible for change control and configuration management for development, deployment, modifying, replacing, or removal of critical software. Change control associated with systems used in the access control and monitoring of the Physical Security should be the responsibility of one person. It is important to the center that appropriate access controls and processes are developed to ensure proper protection within electronic security perimeters. Technical and procedural mechanisms should be used to control electronic access at all electronic access points. In addition, there should be constant review, updating, and maintenance of all documentation which support the Electronic Security to ensure the processes and documentation reflect current configurations and practices. All modifications to the Electronic

The Battle For Women s Rights - 1926 Words

The battle for women’s rights has waged for a long time and continues even to this day. Although we have made significant progress in the advancement of women’s rights including being able to vote and work to support themselves, it was not always like this, and the farther back we go in history the more and more women were oppressed. In the old days it was quite uncommon for women to be anything other than a wife or nun. This is shown quite clearly in both Memoir of a Basque Lieutenant Nun: Transvestite in the New World and Candide. While not the main topic of either book, the authors offer insight on what life was like as a woman in Spain and France, respectively. Both authors disagree with women’s place in society and subtly criticize it throughout the text. In Memoir of a Basque Lieutenant Nun: Transvestite in the New World, Catalina De Erauso is born a woman and seems headed for the life of a nun living in a convent, however, she disagrees with this lifestyle and instead opts to cross dress, which is illegal at the time, and conceal her identity for most of her life to live as a man. In Candide, Voltaire writes about women getting raped, used as sex slaves, and having to try and marry into wealth to ensure a good life for themselves as they have little to no other options. Although set about a century apart, these two texts do not suggest a change in women’s status or role in society over time, in fact, they offer similar, but different, analysis on women’s rolesShow MoreRelatedThe Battle For Women s Equal Rights1040 Words   |  5 PagesBill of Rights were even completely formed, women were wanting the same rights as men. John Adams wife, Abigail, told him that she wanted womens rights in the amendments (Carr, 2015). 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The initially documented example in American history whereRead MoreThe On The Battlefield Of Equality1625 Words   |  7 Pagesliterature, music, and patriotism. Women in the 1920s overcame the battle of obtaining suffrage and the advancement of birth control; these challenges led to an embracing of new ideas in fashion, sexuality, and equality. To begin, suffrage for women in America began in the mid 1800s and ended in 1920, when women in America were finally granted with this well-deserved right to vote. In America, suffrage began in the western state of Wyoming in 1869, where women had a slightly more equal role in theRead MoreThe Color Purple By Alice Walker1276 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Alice Walker s The Color Purple, an epistolary novel won The Pulitzer Prize and The American Award in 1983. 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I feel like this battle wasRead MoreEssay on The Civil War: A Women’s Time to Shine1334 Words   |  6 PagesCitizen: a person with the rights and privilege to cast a vote for what or who he believes in. The key word here is â€Å"he†. The Civil War brought freedom and rights to African Americans, yet it had no directly positive effect on women’s rights. While African Americans were seeing their lives and futures change, to many observers the women’s rights movement seemed barely impacted by the astounding transformations of the Civil War. This idea is not completely accurate. Women did not accomplish much onRead MoreThe Struggle For Women s Rights850 Words   |  4 PagesWomen Suffrage Throughout history, battles and wars have been fought to gain some type of rights or freedoms. In 1775, the American Revolutionary War was fought for independence; In 1865, the American Civil War was fought to end slavery. Although no wars were fought, many battles were waged for women s rights. The struggle for women s rights begin in the mid-late 1800s at a time when women were not allowed to vote or own property. Women, as with African-Americans, during this period were not recognized

Business Intelligence Technical Architecture

Question: Discuss about the Business Intelligence for Technical Architecture. Answer: Introduction Business Intelligence (BI) is the umbrella term used for various tools regarding the business management such as technical architecture, technologies, strategies, information, and the processes. These tools are used to generate the useful data of the system whose analysis gives proper insight to the system needed for proper functioning. So it can be understood that BI helps the organization in making better decision which in turn helps in optimization of resources (Business Information Systems - AUT, 2016). In this essay Microsoft SharePoint has been analyzed in detail for a better understanding of the software. Microsoft SharePoint Microsoft allows two modes of operation for the software which are on-premise and Web-based. The on-premise services are independent of the internet and can be operated in the premise of the host organization, and the web-based solution is cloud option of the application. The software allows the organizations to collect and analyze the business data and information which allows an accurate view of the operations of the organization as a whole, which is critical for taking decision for the company. The software can also be paired with the other leading management software like Dynamic ERP, Dynamic CRM and MS Office, which provides the software a competitive edge over the competitors (Burner, 2015). Developed by one of the leading multinational company, Microsoft, which has developed various landmark software like MS Office, and an operating system named MS Windows. With its legacy, the BI software is bound to have the advantages of ease of data management, and easy user interface (Microsoft India | Devices and Service | Microsoft and You, 2016). The databases for the software of concern can be hosted on various SQL servers, and the databases are automatically created when the software is run in the configuration mode. The product also offers the flexibility of changing the naming convention as the user can create names after the creation (SharePoint 2016, Team Collaboration Software Tools, 2016). The size of the database is segmented in to five segments which are very small for the file up to 100MB, small for the file sizes up to 1GB, medium for files up to 100GB, large for files up to 1TB and finally the extra large files for size more than 1TB. The user profile services incor porated in the SharePoint are of three types. The profile is used for the stakeholders of the company such as the managers and the user of the organization and is responsible for the management of the user data. Synchronization helps in storing the data when the profile information is synchronized with the directory. Finally the social tagging database stores the social tags of the users (Database types and descriptions (SharePoint 2013), 2016). Conclusion From the essay, the various advantages of using the BI software for the system have been presented which allows the better decision of the system. The Microsoft SharePoint which is one of the BI systems has many features that help in the analysis of the Big Data, thus creating effective decision data for the organization. With the features like UI customization, capabilities of Web publishing, administration option, etc. the software is sure to stand out of the crowd. References Burner, M. (2015). User Adoption of SharePoint Document Management System. Business Information Systems - AUT. (2016). Aut.ac.nz. Retrieved 5 December 2016, from https://www.aut.ac.nz/study-at-aut/study-areas/business/research/research-areas/business-information-systems Database types and descriptions (SharePoint 2013). (2016). Technet.microsoft.com. Retrieved 5 December 2016, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-IN/library/cc678868.aspx Microsoft India | Devices and Service | Microsoft and You. (2016). Microsoft.com. Retrieved 5 December 2016, from https://www.microsoft.com/en-in/about/ SharePoint 2016, Team Collaboration Software Tools. (2016). Products.office.com. Retrieved 5 December 2016, from https://products.office.com/en-us/sharepoint/collaboration

The New Fraternity Culture Essays - , Term Papers

The New Fraternity Culture The New Fraternity Culture After drinking from a keg of beer stashed in the basement of the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity house at the University of Michigan last December, a group of pledges stripped to their boxer shorts and lined up, ready to endure their next torturous test of brotherhood. As two other fraternity members watched, a ?pledge educator? pointed what he thought was an unloaded BB gun at the pledges' various body parts. He was simply trying to scare them. When he approached the seventh student in line, the ?educator? pointed the gun downward, two inches away from the pledge's penis, and fired. Unexpectedly, a pellet shot out (Reisberg A59). Fraternities have been in existence for over a century. They were established to nurture pride, leadership, unity, and commitment (Nate 18). Although some fraternities still embrace these values, this does not make up for the dangerous behavior that most fraternities engage in. Alcohol abuse has become far too large of the college social scene and fraternities are its most publicized defendants. Rowdy keg parties have replaced the values and ideals that were once the basis of fraternities, as binge drinking becomes the core of their brotherhood. Each year on campuses throughout this country, binge drinking causes students to suffer academically while risking their health and safety, as well as that of the rest of the campus community. Contrary to the many members firmly entrenched in the fraternity culture, several national fraternities are trying to dispel this image. They have devised programs which emphasize academic development, leadership, and community service, while at the sam e time taking the focus off alcohol and hazing. The first of the Greek-letter societies, Phi Beta Kappa, was founded on December 5, 1776, with the aims of creating a ?scholastic, inspirational, and fraternal? society. The founders of Phi Beta Kappa named friendship, morality, and literature as essential characteristics. Laws provided for a ?reverent opening and conduct of meetings, encouraged sobriety, and demanded ethical ideals superior to those manifested by a rival society? (Voorhes 8-12). The growth of the system was gradual, for it was not until 1825 that Kappa Alpha, Sigma Phi, and Delta Phi were established. The decade of the thirties produced another trio of fraternities: Alpha Delta Phi, Psi Upsilon, and Beta Theta Pi. The period preceding the Civil War witnessed the establishment of most of the remaining general fraternities of ?present larger extension? (Nate 18-38). Oliver Wendell Holmes, a student at Harvard in 1859, captures the immortality of loyal friendships and high ideals in a message to his classmates: Then here's to our boyhood, its gold and its gray! The stars of its winter, the dew of May! And when we have done with our life-lasting toys, Dear Father, take care of Thy children, thy boys. The founding of the fraternities was at the hands of men who set up high life-ideals for themselves and those who would come after them. The more recent years have strengthened the chapters through the development of their national organizations and a more direct alumni co-operation (Nate 60). As fraternity chapters grow stronger, they are slowly losing sight of their fundamental purpose. The values and ideals that once served as the basis of fraternities have been replaced in some chapter houses by excessive drinking and brutal hazing practices. Through the new fraternity culture, binge drinking becomes interwoven into college life. The Federal Substance Abuse Prevention reports that undergraduate students currently spend $4.2 billion a year on booze ? far more than they spend on their textbooks. An advertisement being run in college newspapers by VivaSmart, an online textbook seller, actually features the headline, ?More on Beer, Less on Books,? accompanied by an explanatory text that begins, ?We know you have better things to do than blow your money textbooks? (Miller 1). This message promotes and legitimizes a college drinking culture that according to the Surgeon General Antonia Novella is spinning out of control'? (Elson 64). In a survey of students at 140 colleges b y researchers at the Harvard University School of Public Health, forty-four percent of students reported binge drinking, which the study defined for men as consuming five or more drinks in a row within the previous two weeks, and

Dreams and Reality Essay Essay Example

Dreams and Reality Essay Essay Example Dreams and Reality Essay Paper Dreams and Reality Essay Paper Dreams and Reality In order to discuss this topic, I would like to put the main focus on lucid dreaming. How do we distinguish what we see to what we see when we dream? How we see things in real life is not just through perception, but you create the final image of being through the other senses, such as smell, hearing, taste, just as much as seeing.  For example, when we dream you cannot know, unless you have mastered lucid dreaming, that what is going on, is in fact, a dream. When you know the technique of lucid dreaming you have control over your dream, and over that parallel universe that is supposed to represent a different world from the real one. You create the scenery, you define yourself, and you choose who and what is happening in it. If we look at the rational side of the answer to this question, it would seem quite easy to truly answer it, but the problem is how to explain what actually is going in your head during dreaming and well, living, when it is acknowledged that we can very easily fool our senses to make what is going on, believable.  The dream is like an idea, it all starts in your mind, the difference being, you can create a whole new world with the dreams. The very visible difference between reality and dreams is where the saying of pinching each other to know if something is real came from. We all know that no matter how realistic the dream looks and even feels, pain and other emotions are felt quite differently from every day. No matter how perfect something is, the observation of details will help you and guide you to the realization that something is not what you might think it is. The same applies to the dream. You observe, and you always sense if something is not as it is supposed to be. This is where the ways of knowing kick in: Reason, as well as perception, and emotion can be quite helpful as well. Our ways of knowing, are the path showing us how to distinguish on what is real and what is not, because in the other case, we will be stuck in a limbo place between reality and dreams, where you wont be able to live truly and fulfill your intrinsic goals and values and your mind will be stuck in a lucid environment, where the true goal of life would be to find and prove something and someones reality.